;; ================================================
;;      SUMO (Suggested Upper Merged Ontology)
;; ================================================

;; This is the source file for the SUMO (Suggested Upper Merged Ontology),
;; an ontology that was developed within the SUO Working Group by merging
;; the SUO "candidate content" sources and refining and extending this content on
;; the basis of various knowledge engineering projects and input from the SUO
;; Working Group.

;; The SUMO is freely available, subject to the following IEEE license.

;; ----------------------
;; Copyright 2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
;; Three Park Avenue
;; New York, NY 10016-5997, USA
;; All rights reserved.

;; 1. COPYRIGHT
;; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., ("IEEE") owns the
;; copyright to this Document in all forms of media. Copyright in the text retrieved,
;; displayed or output from this Document is owned by IEEE and is protected by the
;; copyright laws of the United States and by international treaties. The IEEE reserves
;; all rights not expressly granted herein.

;; 2. ROYALTIES
;; The IEEE is providing the Document at no charge. However, the Document is not to be
;; considered "Public Domain," as the IEEE is, and at all times shall remain, the sole
;; copyright holder in the Document. The IEEE intends to revise the Document from time to
;; time; the latest version shall be available at http://standards.ieee.org/catalog/

;; 3. TERMS OF USE
;; The IEEE hereby grants Licensee a perpetual, non-exclusive, royalty-free, world-wide
;; right and license to copy, publish and distribute the Document in any way, and to
;; prepare derivative works that are based on or incorporate all or part of the Document
;; provided that the IEEE is appropriately acknowledged as the source and copyright owner
;; in each and every use.

;; 4. LIMITED WARRANTIES & LIMITATIONS OF REMEDIES
;; LICENSOR Does not warrant or represent the accuracy or content of the document and
;; Expressly Disclaims any Express or Implied Warranty, including any Implied Warranty of
;; Merchantability or Fitness for a Specific Purpose or that the use of the document is
;; free from patent infringement. The document is supplied ONLY "AS IS."
;; ----------------------

;; The SUMO was initially developed at Teknowledge Corp.

;; Any questions or comments about this ontology can be directed to the
;; Technical editor, Adam Pease, apease [at] articulatesoftware [dot] com
;; Version date: September, 2005
;; Version number: 1.73

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; The SUMO incorporates elements of John Sowa's upper ontology (as described at
;; http://www.bestweb.net/~sowa/ontology/toplevel.htm and in Chapter 2 of his
;; book _Knowledge Representation_, Brooks/Cole, 2000), Russell and Norvig's
;; ontology, PSL (Process Specification Language), Casati and Varzi's theory of
;; holes, Allen's temporal axioms, the relatively noncontroversial elements of
;; Smith's and Guarino's respective mereotopologies, the KIF formalization of the
;; CPR (Core Plan Representation), the ontologies available on the Ontolingua
;; server maintained by Stanford University's Knowledge Systems Laboratory, the
;; ontologies developed by ITBM-CNR, some of the spatial relations from an
;; unpublished paper by Iris Tommelein and Anil Gupta entitled "Conceptual
;; Structures for Spatial Reasoning", and a "Structural Ontology" proposed by
;; David Whitten and substantially revised and extended by Chris Menzel.
;; Note that some of the subclasses of 'Process' in the SUMO were originally
;; inspired by some of the verb classes from the second part of Beth Levin's book
;; "English Verb Classes and Alternations:  A Preliminary Investigation."

;; The knowledge representation language in which the SUMO is expressed is SUO-KIF,
;; which stands for "Standard Upper Ontology - Knowledge Interchange Format".  SUO-KIF
;; is a simplified form of the popular KIF knowledge representation language.  A
;; specification of SUO-KIF can be found at:  http://suo.ieee.org/suo-kif.html.  It
;; should be noted that some of the axioms in the SUMO make use of row variables
;; (indicated with a "@" prefix).  Such variables are not currently part of the SUO-
;; KIF specification, but they simplify matters significantly in some cases.  Details
;; about row variables can be found in the following paper:
;; http://reliant.teknowledge.com/IJCAI01/HayesMenzel-SKIF-IJCAI2001.pdf.

;; The SUMO is a modular ontology.  That is, the ontology is divided into
;; self-contained subontologies.  Each subontology is indicated by a section
;; header, and the dependencies between the subontologies are specified with
;; statements of the form ";; INCLUDES '<SUBONTOLOGY>'".  These statements are
;; found at the beginning of each section.  The dependencies between the
;; various subontologies can also be graphed as follows:
;;
;;                             STRUCTURAL ONTOLOGY
;;                                      +
;;                                      |
;;                                      |
;;                                      +
;;                                 BASE ONTOLOGY
;;                                 /   |   |   \
;;                                /    |   |    \
;;                               /     |   |     \
;;                              /      |   |      \
;;                             /       |   |       \
;;                            +        +   +        +
;;             SET/CLASS THEORY   NUMERIC  TEMPORAL  MEREOTOPOLOGY
;;                               /     |        |           |
;;                              /      |        |           |
;;                             /       |        |           |
;;                            +        +        +           +
;;                        GRAPH   MEASURE   PROCESSES +--+ OBJECTS
;;                                              +           +
;;                                               \         /
;;                                                \       /
;;                                                 \     /
;;                                                  +   +
;;                                                 QUALITIES
;;
;;
;; Note that the "+" sign at the end of an arc indicates the direction of
;; dependency - the node near the sign includes the subontology at the other
;; end of the arc.  Note too that in some cases the dependency is
;; bidirectional.  Separating ontologies in cases like these is useful when
;; their respective topics can be cleanly differentiated.

;; We ask the people using or referencing SUMO cite our primary paper:

;; Niles, I., and Pease, A.  2001.  Towards a Standard Upper Ontology.  In
;; Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Formal Ontology in
;; Information Systems (FOIS-2001), Chris Welty and Barry Smith, eds,
;; Ogunquit, Maine, October 17-19, 2001.  Also see http://www.ontologyportal.org

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;   STRUCTURAL ONTOLOGY   ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'BASE ONTOLOGY'

;; The Structural Ontology consists of definitions of certain syntactic
;; abbreviations that can be both heuristically useful and computationally
;; advantageous.

(instance instance BinaryPredicate)
(domain instance 1 Entity)
(domain instance 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation instance "An object is an &%instance of a &%SetOrClass if
it is included in that &%SetOrClass.  An individual may be an instance of many
classes, some of which may be subclasses of others.  Thus, there is no
assumption in the meaning of &%instance about specificity or uniqueness.")

(subrelation immediateInstance instance)
(instance immediateInstance AsymmetricRelation)
(instance immediateInstance IntransitiveRelation)
(documentation immediateInstance "An object is an &%immediateInstance of
a &%SetOrClass if it is an instance of the &%SetOrClass and it is not an
instance of a proper subclass of &%SetOrClass.")

(=>
   (immediateInstance ?ENTITY ?CLASS)
   (not (exists (?SUBCLASS)
      (and
         (subclass ?SUBCLASS ?CLASS)
         (not (equal ?SUBCLASS ?CLASS))
         (instance ?ENTITY ?SUBCLASS)))))

(instance inverse BinaryPredicate)
(instance inverse IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance inverse IntransitiveRelation)
(instance inverse SymmetricRelation)
(domain inverse 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain inverse 2 BinaryRelation)
(documentation inverse "The inverse of a &%BinaryRelation is a relation
in which all the tuples of the original relation are reversed.  In
other words, one &%BinaryRelation is the inverse of another if they are
equivalent when their arguments are swapped.")

(=>
   (inverse ?REL1 ?REL2)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (<=>
         (holds ?REL1 ?INST1 ?INST2)
         (holds ?REL2 ?INST2 ?INST1))))

(instance subclass BinaryPredicate)
(instance subclass PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subclass 1 SetOrClass)
(domain subclass 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation subclass "(&%subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that ?CLASS1 is
a subclass of ?CLASS2, i.e. every instance of ?CLASS1 is also an instance of
?CLASS2.  A class may have multiple superclasses and subclasses.")

(<=>
   (subclass ?SUBCLASS ?CLASS)
   (and
      (instance ?SUBCLASS SetOrClass)
      (instance ?CLASS SetOrClass)
      (forall (?INST)
         (=>
            (instance ?INST ?SUBCLASS)
            (instance ?INST ?CLASS)))))

(subrelation immediateSubclass subclass)
(instance immediateSubclass AsymmetricRelation)
(instance immediateSubclass IntransitiveRelation)
(documentation immediateSubclass "A &%SetOrClass ?CLASS1 is an &%immediateSubclass
of another &%SetOrClass ?CLASS2 just in case ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2 and
there is no other subclass of ?CLASS2 such that ?CLASS1 is also a subclass of it.")

(=>
   (immediateSubclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
   (not (exists (?CLASS3)
      (and
         (subclass ?CLASS3 ?CLASS2)
         (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS3)
         (not (equal ?CLASS2 ?CLASS3))
         (not (equal ?CLASS1 ?CLASS3))))))

(instance subrelation BinaryPredicate)
(instance subrelation PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subrelation 1 Relation)
(domain subrelation 2 Relation)
(documentation subrelation "(&%subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2) means that
every tuple of ?REL1 is also a tuple of ?REL2.  In other words, if
the &%Relation ?REL1 holds for some arguments arg_1, arg_2, ... arg_n,
then the &%Relation ?REL2 holds for the same arguments.  A consequence
of this is that a &%Relation and its subrelations must have the same
&%valence. In CycL, &%subrelation is called #$genlPreds.")

(=>
   (and
      (subrelation ?PRED1 ?PRED2)
      (valence ?PRED1 ?NUMBER))
   (valence ?PRED2 ?NUMBER))

(=>
   (and
      (subrelation ?PRED1 ?PRED2)
      (domain ?PRED2 ?NUMBER ?CLASS1))
   (domain ?PRED1 ?NUMBER ?CLASS1))

(=>
   (and
      (subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2)
      (holds ?REL1 @ROW))
   (holds ?REL2 @ROW))

(=>
   (and
      (subrelation ?PRED1 ?PRED2)
      (instance ?PRED2 ?CLASS)
      (instance ?CLASS InheritableRelation))
   (instance ?PRED1 ?CLASS))

(instance domain TernaryPredicate)
(domain domain 1 Relation)
(domain domain 2 PositiveInteger)
(domain domain 3 SetOrClass)
(documentation domain "Provides a computationally and heuristically
convenient mechanism for declaring the argument types of a given relation.
The formula (&%domain ?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INT'th element of each
tuple in the relation ?REL must be an instance of ?CLASS.  Specifying argument
types is very helpful in maintaining ontologies.  Representation systems can
use these specifications to classify terms and check integrity constraints.
If the restriction on the argument type of a &%Relation is not captured by a
&%SetOrClass already defined in the ontology, one can specify a &%SetOrClass
compositionally with the functions &%UnionFn, &%IntersectionFn, etc.")

(=>
   (and
      (domain ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS1)
      (domain ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS2))
   (or
      (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
      (subclass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1)))

(instance domainSubclass TernaryPredicate)
(domain domainSubclass 1 Relation)
(domain domainSubclass 2 PositiveInteger)
(domain domainSubclass 3 SetOrClass)
(documentation domainSubclass "&%Predicate used to specify argument
type restrictions of &%Predicates.  The formula (&%domainSubclass
?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INT'th element of each tuple in the
relation ?REL must be a subclass of ?CLASS.")

(=>
   (and
      (subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2)
      (domainSubclass ?REL2 ?NUMBER ?CLASS1))
   (domainSubclass ?REL1 ?NUMBER ?CLASS1))

(=>
   (and
      (domainSubclass ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS1)
      (domainSubclass ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS2))
   (or
      (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
      (subclass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1)))

(instance equal BinaryPredicate)
(instance equal EquivalenceRelation)
(instance equal RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(domain equal 1 Entity)
(domain equal 2 Entity)
(documentation equal "(equal ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) is true just in case
?ENTITY1 is identical with ?ENTITY2.")

(=>
   (equal ?THING1 ?THING2)
   (forall (?ATTR)
      (<=>
         (property ?THING1 ?ATTR)
         (property ?THING2 ?ATTR))))

(=>
   (equal ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)
   (forall (?THING)
      (<=>
         (property ?THING ?ATTR1)
         (property ?THING ?ATTR2))))

(=>
   (equal ?THING1 ?THING2)
   (forall (?CLASS)
      (<=>
         (instance ?THING1 ?CLASS)
         (instance ?THING2 ?CLASS))))

(=>
   (equal ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
   (forall (?THING)
      (<=>
         (instance ?THING ?CLASS1)
         (instance ?THING ?CLASS2))))

(=>
   (equal ?REL1 ?REL2)
   (forall (@ROW)
      (<=>
         (holds ?REL1 @ROW)
         (holds ?REL2 @ROW))))

(=>
   (equal (ListFn @ROW1) (ListFn @ROW2))
      (<=>
         (holds @ROW1)
         (holds @ROW2)))

(=>
   (equal ?LIST1 ?LIST2)
      (=>
         (and
            (equal ?LIST1 (ListFn @ROW1))
            (equal ?LIST2 (ListFn @ROW2)))
         (forall (?NUMBER)
            (equal (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW1) ?NUMBER) (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW2) ?NUMBER)))))

(instance range BinaryPredicate)
(instance range AsymmetricRelation)
(domain range 1 Function)
(domain range 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation range "Gives the range of a function.  In other words,
(&%range ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by
?FUNCTION are &%instances of ?CLASS.")

(=>
   (and
      (range ?FUNCTION ?CLASS)
      (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION @ROW) ?VALUE))
   (instance ?VALUE ?CLASS))

(=>
   (and
      (subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2)
      (range ?REL2 ?CLASS1))
   (range ?REL1 ?CLASS1))

(=>
   (and
      (range ?REL ?CLASS1)
      (range ?REL ?CLASS2))
   (or
      (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
      (subclass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1)))

(instance rangeSubclass BinaryPredicate)
(instance rangeSubclass AsymmetricRelation)
(domain rangeSubclass 1 Function)
(domainSubclass rangeSubclass 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation rangeSubclass "(&%rangeSubclass ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that
all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are &%subclasses of ?CLASS.")

(=>
   (and
      (rangeSubclass ?FUNCTION ?CLASS)
      (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION @ROW) ?VALUE))
   (subclass ?VALUE ?CLASS))

(=>
   (and
      (subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2)
      (rangeSubclass ?REL2 ?CLASS1))
   (rangeSubclass ?REL1 ?CLASS1))

(=>
   (and
      (rangeSubclass ?REL ?CLASS1)
      (rangeSubclass ?REL ?CLASS2))
   (or
      (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
      (subclass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1)))

(instance valence BinaryPredicate)
(instance valence AsymmetricRelation)
(instance valence SingleValuedRelation)
(domain valence 1 Relation)
(domain valence 2 PositiveInteger)
(documentation valence "Specifies the number of arguments that a
relation can take.  If a relation does not have a fixed number of
arguments, it does not have a valence and it is an instance of
&%VariableArityRelation.  For example, &%holds is a
&%VariableArityRelation.")

(instance documentation BinaryPredicate)
(instance documentation AsymmetricRelation)
(domain documentation 1 Entity)
(domain documentation 2 SymbolicString)
(documentation documentation "A relation between objects in the domain
of discourse and strings of natural language text.  The domain of
&%documentation is not constants (names), but the objects themselves.
This means that one does not quote the names when associating them with
their documentation.")

(instance disjoint BinaryPredicate)
(instance disjoint SymmetricRelation)
(domain disjoint 1 SetOrClass)
(domain disjoint 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation disjoint "&%Classes are &%disjoint only if they share no
instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying &%IntersectionFn to
them is empty.")

(<=>
   (disjoint ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
   (and
      (instance ?CLASS1 NonNullSet)
      (instance ?CLASS2 NonNullSet)
      (forall (?INST)
         (not
            (and
                 (instance ?INST ?CLASS1)
               (instance ?INST ?CLASS2))))))

(instance disjointRelation Predicate)
(instance disjointRelation VariableArityRelation)
(relatedInternalConcept disjointRelation disjoint)
(documentation disjointRelation "This predicate relates any number of &%Relations.
(&%disjointRelation @ROW) means that any two relations in @ROW have no tuples in
common.  As a consequence, the intersection of all of the relations in @ROW is the
null set.")

(=>
   (and
      (disjointRelation @ROW)
      (inList ?REL (ListFn @ROW)))
   (instance ?REL Relation))

(=>
   (and
      (disjointRelation @ROW)
      (inList ?REL1 (ListFn @ROW))
      (inList ?REL2 (ListFn @ROW))
      (valence ?REL1 ?NUMBER))
   (valence ?REL2 ?NUMBER))

(=>
   (and
      (domain ?REL1 ?NUMBER ?CLASS1)
      (domain ?REL2 ?NUMBER ?CLASS2)
      (disjoint ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))
   (disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2))

(=>
   (and
      (domainSubclass ?REL1 ?NUMBER ?CLASS1)
      (domainSubclass ?REL2 ?NUMBER ?CLASS2)
      (disjoint ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))
   (disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2))

(=>
   (and
      (range ?REL1 ?CLASS1)
      (range ?REL2 ?CLASS2)
      (disjoint ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))
   (disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2))

(=>
   (and
      (rangeSubclass ?REL1 ?CLASS1)
      (rangeSubclass ?REL2 ?CLASS2)
      (disjoint ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))
   (disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2))

(=>
   (and
      (disjointRelation @ROW1)
      (inList ?REL1 (ListFn @ROW1))
      (inList ?REL2 (ListFn @ROW1))
      (not (equal ?REL1 ?REL2))
      (holds ?REL1 @ROW2))
   (not (holds ?REL2 @ROW2)))

(instance contraryAttribute Predicate)
(instance contraryAttribute VariableArityRelation)
(documentation contraryAttribute "A &%contraryAttribute is a set of &%Attributes
such that something can not simultaneously have more than one of these &%Attributes.
For example, (&%contraryAttribute &%Pliable &%Rigid) means that nothing can be both
&%Pliable and &%Rigid.")

(=>
   (contraryAttribute @ROW)
   (=>
      (inList ?ELEMENT (ListFn @ROW))
      (instance ?ELEMENT Attribute)))

(=>
   (and
      (contraryAttribute @ROW1)
      (identicalListItems (ListFn @ROW1) (ListFn @ROW2)))
   (contraryAttribute @ROW2))

(=>
   (contraryAttribute @ROW)
   (forall (?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)
      (=>
         (and
            (equal ?ATTR1 (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW) ?NUMBER1))
            (equal ?ATTR2 (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW) ?NUMBER2))
            (not (equal ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)))
         (=>
            (property ?OBJ ?ATTR1)
            (not (property ?OBJ ?ATTR2))))))

(instance exhaustiveAttribute Predicate)
(instance exhaustiveAttribute VariableArityRelation)
(domainSubclass exhaustiveAttribute 1 Attribute)
(documentation exhaustiveAttribute "This predicate relates a &%Class to a
set of &%Attributes, and it means that the elements of this set exhaust the
instances of the &%Class.  For example, (&%exhaustiveAttribute &%PhysicalState
&%Solid &%Fluid &%Liquid &%Gas &%Plasma) means that there are only five instances of
the class &%PhysicalState, viz. &%Solid, &%Fluid, &%Liquid, &%Gas and &%Plasma.")

(=>
   (exhaustiveAttribute ?CLASS @ROW)
   (=>
      (inList ?ATTR (ListFn @ROW))
      (instance ?ATTR Attribute)))

(=>
   (exhaustiveAttribute ?CLASS @ROW)
   (forall (?ATTR1)
      (=>
         (instance ?ATTR1 ?CLASS)
         (exists (?ATTR2)
            (and
               (inList ?ATTR2 (ListFn @ROW))
               (equal ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2))))))

(instance exhaustiveDecomposition Predicate)
(instance exhaustiveDecomposition VariableArityRelation)
(domain exhaustiveDecomposition 1 Class)
(relatedInternalConcept exhaustiveDecomposition partition)
(documentation exhaustiveDecomposition "An &%exhaustiveDecomposition of a
&%Class C is a set of subclasses of C such that every instance of C is an
instance of one of the subclasses in the set.  Note:  this does not necessarily
mean that the elements of the set are disjoint (see &%partition - a &%partition
is a disjoint exhaustive decomposition).")

(=>
   (exhaustiveDecomposition @ROW)
   (=>
      (inList ?ELEMENT (ListFn @ROW))
      (instance ?ELEMENT Class)))

(instance disjointDecomposition Predicate)
(instance disjointDecomposition VariableArityRelation)
(domain disjointDecomposition 1 Class)
(relatedInternalConcept disjointDecomposition exhaustiveDecomposition)
(relatedInternalConcept disjointDecomposition disjoint)
(documentation disjointDecomposition "A &%disjointDecomposition of a &%Class
C is a set of subclasses of C that are mutually &%disjoint.")

(=>
   (disjointDecomposition @ROW)
   (=>
      (inList ?ELEMENT (ListFn @ROW))
      (instance ?ELEMENT Class)))

(instance partition Predicate)
(instance partition VariableArityRelation)
(domain partition 1 Class)
(documentation partition "A &%partition of a class C is a set of
mutually &%disjoint classes (a subclass partition) which covers C.
Every instance of C is an instance of exactly one of the subclasses
in the partition.")

(<=>
   (partition @ROW)
   (and
      (exhaustiveDecomposition @ROW)
      (disjointDecomposition @ROW)))

(instance relatedInternalConcept BinaryPredicate)
(instance relatedInternalConcept EquivalenceRelation)
(domain relatedInternalConcept 1 Entity)
(domain relatedInternalConcept 2 Entity)
(documentation relatedInternalConcept "Means that the two arguments are
related concepts within the SUMO, i.e. there is a significant similarity
of meaning between them.  To indicate a meaning relation between a SUMO
concept and a concept from another source, use the Predicate
&%relatedExternalConcept.")

(instance relatedExternalConcept TernaryPredicate)
(domain relatedExternalConcept 1 SymbolicString)
(domain relatedExternalConcept 2 Entity)
(domain relatedExternalConcept 3 Language)
(relatedInternalConcept relatedExternalConcept relatedInternalConcept)
(documentation relatedExternalConcept "Used to signify a three-place
relation between a concept in an external knowledge source, a concept
in the SUMO, and the name of the other knowledge source.")

(subrelation synonymousExternalConcept relatedExternalConcept)
(disjointRelation synonymousExternalConcept subsumedExternalConcept subsumingExternalConcept)
(documentation synonymousExternalConcept "(&%synonymousExternalConcept
?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING has the
same meaning as ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE.")

(subrelation subsumingExternalConcept relatedExternalConcept)
(documentation subsumingExternalConcept "(&%subsumingExternalConcept
?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING subsumes
the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is broader
in meaning than ?STRING.")

(subrelation subsumedExternalConcept relatedExternalConcept)
(documentation subsumedExternalConcept "(&%subsumedExternalConcept
?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING is subsumed
by the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is narrower
in meaning than ?STRING.")

(instance subAttribute BinaryPredicate)
(instance subAttribute PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subAttribute 1 Attribute)
(domain subAttribute 2 Attribute)
(disjointRelation subAttribute successorAttribute)
(documentation subAttribute "Means that the second argument can be
ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it.")

(=>
   (subAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)
   (forall (?OBJ)
      (=>
         (property ?OBJ ?ATTR1)
         (property ?OBJ ?ATTR2))))

(=>
   (and
      (subAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)
      (instance ?ATTR2 ?CLASS))
   (instance ?ATTR1 ?CLASS))

(instance successorAttribute BinaryPredicate)
(instance successorAttribute AsymmetricRelation)
(domain successorAttribute 1 Attribute)
(domain successorAttribute 2 Attribute)
(documentation successorAttribute "(&%successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)
means that ?ATTR2 is the &%Attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1
on the scale that they share.")

(=>
   (and
      (successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)
      (holdsDuring ?TIME1 (property ?ENTITY ?ATTR2)))
   (exists (?TIME2)
      (and
         (temporalPart ?TIME2 (PastFn ?TIME1))
         (holdsDuring ?TIME2 (property ?ENTITY ?ATTR1)))))

(instance successorAttributeClosure BinaryPredicate)
(instance successorAttributeClosure TransitiveRelation)
(instance successorAttributeClosure IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain successorAttributeClosure 1 Attribute)
(domain successorAttributeClosure 2 Attribute)
(relatedInternalConcept successorAttributeClosure successorAttribute)
(documentation successorAttributeClosure "The transitive closure of
&%successorAttribute.  (&%successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means
that there is a chain of &%successorAttribute assertions connecting
?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2.")

(=>
   (successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)
   (successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2))

(instance entails BinaryPredicate)
(domain entails 1 Formula)
(domain entails 2 Formula)
(documentation entails "The operator of logical entailment.  (&%entails
?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 can be derived from ?FORMULA1
by means of the proof theory of SUO-KIF.")

;; The following axiom is commented out, because it is rejected by the
;; inference engine's parser.

;;(=>
;;   (entails ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
;;   (=> ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2))

(instance AssignmentFn Function)
(instance AssignmentFn VariableArityRelation)
(domain AssignmentFn 1 Function)
(range AssignmentFn Entity)
(documentation AssignmentFn "If F is a &%Function with a value for the
objects denoted by N1,..., NK, then (&%AssignmentFn F N1 ... NK) is the
value of applying F to the objects denoted by N1,..., NK.  Otherwise,
the value is undefined.")

(instance holds Predicate)
(instance holds VariableArityRelation)
(domain holds 1 Relation)
(documentation holds "(holds P N1 ... NK) is true just in case
the tuple of objects denoted by N1,..., NK is an element of
the &%Relation P.")

(instance PowerSetFn UnaryFunction)
(instance PowerSetFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain PowerSetFn 1 SetOrClass)
(rangeSubclass PowerSetFn SetOrClass)
(documentation PowerSetFn "(&%PowerSetFn ?CLASS) maps the &%SetOrClass
?CLASS to the &%SetOrClass of all &%subclasses of ?CLASS.")

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;   BASE ONTOLOGY   ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'STRUCTURAL ONTOLOGY'

;; The following hierarchy incorporates content from Sowa, Russell & Norvig,
;; and the top-level ontology from ITBM-CNR.

(partition Entity Physical Abstract)
(documentation Entity "The universal class of individuals.  This is the root
node of the ontology.")

(instance ?THING Entity)

(exists (?THING) (instance ?THING Entity))

(<=>
        (instance ?CLASS Class)
      (subclass ?CLASS Entity))

(subclass Physical Entity)
(partition Physical Object Process)
(documentation Physical "An entity that has a location in space-time.
Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in
space-time.")

(<=>
        (instance ?PHYS Physical)
        (exists (?LOC ?TIME)
                (and
                        (located ?PHYS ?LOC)
                  (time ?PHYS ?TIME))))

(subclass Object Physical)
(documentation Object "Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary
objects.  Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions,
and locations of &%Processes, the complement of &%Objects in the &%Physical
class.  In a 4D ontology, an &%Object is something whose spatiotemporal
extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the
time-axis.")

(subclass SelfConnectedObject Object)
(documentation SelfConnectedObject "A &%SelfConnectedObject is any
&%Object that does not consist of two or more disconnected parts.")

(instance FrontFn SpatialRelation)
(instance FrontFn PartialValuedRelation)
(instance FrontFn UnaryFunction)
(instance FrontFn AsymmetricRelation)
(instance FrontFn IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain FrontFn 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(range FrontFn SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation FrontFn "A &%Function that maps an &%Object to the side
that generally receives the most attention or that typically faces the
direction in which the &%Object moves.  Note that this is a partial
function, since some &%Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and
spheres.  Note too that the &%range of this &%Function is indefinite in
much the way that &%ImmediateFutureFn and &%ImmediatePastFn are indefinite.
Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint,
it does not have significant practical implications, since there is
widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases.")

(=>
   (instance ?OBJ SelfConnectedObject)
   (side (FrontFn ?OBJ) ?OBJ))

(instance BackFn SpatialRelation)
(instance BackFn PartialValuedRelation)
(instance BackFn UnaryFunction)
(instance BackFn AsymmetricRelation)
(instance BackFn IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain BackFn 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(range BackFn SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation BackFn "A &%Function that maps an &%Object to the side
that is opposite the &%FrontFn of the &%Object.  Note that this is a
partial function, since some &%Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples
and spheres.  Note too that the &%range of this &%Function is indefinite in
much the way that &%ImmediateFutureFn and &%ImmediatePastFn are indefinite.
Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint,
it does not have significant practical implications, since there is
widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases.")

(=>
   (instance ?OBJ SelfConnectedObject)
   (side (BackFn ?OBJ) ?OBJ))

(instance part SpatialRelation)
(instance part PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain part 1 Object)
(domain part 2 Object)
(documentation part "The basic mereological relation.  All other
mereological relations are defined in terms of this one.
(&%part ?PART ?WHOLE) simply means that the &%Object ?PART is part
of the &%Object ?WHOLE.  Note that, since &%part is a
&%ReflexiveRelation, every &%Object is a part of itself.")

(instance properPart AsymmetricRelation)
(instance properPart TransitiveRelation)
(subrelation properPart part)
(documentation properPart "(&%properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that
?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 other than ?OBJ2 itself. This is a
&%TransitiveRelation and &%AsymmetricRelation (hence an
&%IrreflexiveRelation).")

(<=>
   (properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (and
           (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
           (not
              (part ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))))

(subrelation piece part)
(domain piece 1 Substance)
(domain piece 2 Substance)
(documentation piece "A specialized common sense notion of part for
arbitrary parts of &%Substances.  Quasi-synonyms are: chunk, hunk, bit,
etc.  Compare &%component, another subrelation of &%part.")

(=>
   (piece ?SUBSTANCE1 ?SUBSTANCE2)
   (forall (?CLASS)
      (=>
         (instance ?SUBSTANCE1 ?CLASS)
         (instance ?SUBSTANCE2 ?CLASS))))

(subrelation component part)
(domain component 1 CorpuscularObject)
(domain component 2 CorpuscularObject)
(documentation component "A specialized common sense notion of part
for heterogeneous parts of complexes. (&%component ?COMPONENT ?WHOLE)
means that ?COMPONENT is a component of ?WHOLE. Examples of component
include the doors and walls of a house, the states or provinces of a
country, or the limbs and organs of an animal.  Compare &%piece, which
is also a subrelation of &%part.")

(instance material BinaryPredicate)
(domainSubclass material 1 Substance)
(domain material 2 CorpuscularObject)
(documentation material "(&%material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) means that
?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of ?SUBSTANCE. This relation
encompasses the concepts of 'composed of', 'made of', and 'formed of'.
For example, plastic is a &%material of my computer monitor.  Compare
&%part and its subrelations, viz &%component and &%piece.")

(subrelation contains partlyLocated)
(instance contains SpatialRelation)
(instance contains AsymmetricRelation)
(disjointRelation contains part)
(domain contains 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain contains 2 Object)
(documentation contains "The relation of spatial containment for two
separable objects.  When the two objects are not separable (e.g. an
automobile and one of its seats), the relation of &%part should be used.
(&%contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the &%SelfConnectedObject ?OBJ1 has
a space (i.e. a &%Hole) which is at least partially filled by ?OBJ2.")

(<=>
   (contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
   (exists (?HOLE)
      (and
         (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ1)
         (properlyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE))))

(subclass Substance SelfConnectedObject)
(partition Substance PureSubstance Mixture)
(partition Substance SyntheticSubstance NaturalSubstance)
(documentation Substance "An &%Object in which every part is similar to
every other in every relevant respect.  More precisely, something is a
&%Substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts - any parts have
properties which are similar to those of the whole.  Note that a &%Substance
may nonetheless have physical properties that vary.  For example, the
temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part
to another.  An example would be a body of water.")

(=>
   (and
      (subclass ?OBJECTTYPE Substance)
      (instance ?OBJECT ?OBJECTTYPE)
      (part ?PART ?OBJECT))
   (instance ?PART ?OBJECTTYPE))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?OBJ Substance)
      (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR)
      (part ?PART ?OBJ))
   (attribute ?PART ?ATTR))

(subclass SyntheticSubstance Substance)
(documentation SyntheticSubstance "Any &%Substance that is the result of an
&%IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that is created by &%Humans.")

(<=>
   (instance ?SUBSTANCE SyntheticSubstance)
   (exists (?PROCESS)
      (and
         (instance ?PROCESS IntentionalProcess)
         (result ?PROCESS ?SUBSTANCE)
         (instance ?SUBSTANCE Substance))))

(subclass NaturalSubstance Substance)
(documentation NaturalSubstance "Any &%Substance that is not the result of
an &%IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that occurs naturally.")

(subclass PureSubstance Substance)
(partition PureSubstance CompoundSubstance ElementalSubstance)
(documentation PureSubstance "The &%Class of &%Substances with constant
composition.  A &%PureSubstance can be either an element (&%ElementalSubstance)
or a compound of elements (&%CompoundSubstance).  Examples: Table salt
(sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), water (H_2O),
iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2).")

(subclass ElementalSubstance PureSubstance)
(documentation ElementalSubstance "The &%Class of &%PureSubstances that
cannot be separated into two or more &%Substances by ordinary chemical
(or physical) means. This excludes nuclear reactions. &%ElementalSubstances
are composed of only one kind of atom. Examples: Iron (Fe), copper (Cu),
and oxygen (O_2).  &%ElementalSubstances are the simplest
&%PureSubstances.")

(subclass Metal ElementalSubstance)
(documentation Metal "A &%Metal is an &%ElementalSubstance that conducts heat
and electricity, is shiny and reflects many colors of light, and can be hammered
into sheets or drawn into wire.  About 80% of the known chemical elements
(&%ElementalSubstances) are metals.")

(subclass Atom ElementalSubstance)
(documentation Atom "An extremely small unit of matter that retains its
identity in Chemical reactions.  It consists of an &%AtomicNucleus and
&%Electrons surrounding the &%AtomicNucleus.")

(=>
   (instance ?ATOM Atom)
   (exists (?PROTON ?ELECTRON)
      (and
         (component ?PROTON ?ATOM)
           (component ?ELECTRON ?ATOM)
         (instance ?PROTON Proton)
         (instance ?ELECTRON Electron))))

(=>
   (instance ?ATOM Atom)
   (forall (?NUCLEUS1 ?NUCLEUS2)
      (=>
         (and
            (component ?NUCLEUS1 ?ATOM)
              (component ?NUCLEUS2 ?ATOM)
            (instance ?NUCLEUS1 AtomicNucleus)
            (instance ?NUCLEUS2 AtomicNucleus))
           (equal ?NUCLEUS1 ?NUCLEUS2))))

(subclass SubatomicParticle ElementalSubstance)
(documentation SubatomicParticle "The class of &%ElementalSubstances that
are smaller than &%Atoms and compose &%Atoms.")

(=>
   (instance ?PARTICLE SubatomicParticle)
   (exists (?ATOM)
      (and
         (instance ?ATOM Atom)
         (part ?PARTICLE ?ATOM))))

(subclass AtomicNucleus SubatomicParticle)
(documentation AtomicNucleus "The core of the &%Atom.  It is composed of
&%Protons and &%Neutrons.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUCLEUS AtomicNucleus)
   (exists (?NEUTRON ?PROTON)
      (and
         (component ?NEUTRON ?NUCLEUS)
           (component ?PROTON ?NUCLEUS)
         (instance ?NEUTRON Neutron)
         (instance ?PROTON Proton))))

(subclass Electron SubatomicParticle)
(documentation Electron "&%SubatomicParticles that surround the
&%AtomicNucleus.  They have a negative charge.")

(subclass Proton SubatomicParticle)
(documentation Proton "Components of the &%AtomicNucleus.  They have a
positive charge.")

(subclass Neutron SubatomicParticle)
(documentation Neutron "Components of the &%AtomicNucleus.  They have no
charge.")

(subclass CompoundSubstance PureSubstance)
(documentation CompoundSubstance "The &%Class of &%Substances that contain
two or more elements (&%ElementalSubstances), in definite proportion by weight.
The composition of a pure compound will be invariant, regardless of the method
of preparation. Compounds are composed of more than one kind of atom (element).
The term molecule is often used for the smallest unit of a compound that still
retains all of the properties of the compound.  Examples: Table salt (sodium
chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), and water (H_2O). ")

(subclass Mixture Substance)
(documentation Mixture "A &%Mixture is two or more &%PureSubstances,
combined in varying proportions - each retaining its own specific properties.
The components of a &%Mixture can be separated by physical means, i.e. without
the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Examples: Air, table salt thoroughly
dissolved in water, milk, wood, and concrete. ")

(=>
   (instance ?MIXTURE Mixture)
   (exists (?PURE1 ?PURE2)
      (and
         (instance ?PURE1 PureSubstance)
         (instance ?PURE2 PureSubstance)
         (not (equal ?PURE1 ?PURE2))
         (part ?PURE1 ?MIXTURE)
         (part ?PURE2 ?MIXTURE))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MIXTURE Mixture)
      (part ?SUBSTANCE ?MIXTURE)
      (not (instance ?SUBSTANCE Mixture)))
   (instance ?SUBSTANCE PureSubstance))

(subclass CorpuscularObject SelfConnectedObject)
(disjoint CorpuscularObject Substance)
(documentation CorpuscularObject "A &%SelfConnectedObject whose parts have
properties that are not shared by the whole.")

(=>
   (instance ?OBJ CorpuscularObject)
   (exists (?SUBSTANCE1 ?SUBSTANCE2)
      (and
         (subclass ?SUBSTANCE1 Substance)
         (subclass ?SUBSTANCE2 Substance)
         (material ?SUBSTANCE1 ?OBJ)
         (material ?SUBSTANCE2 ?OBJ)
         (not (equal ?SUBSTANCE1 ?SUBSTANCE2)))))

(subclass Region Object)
(documentation Region "A topographic location.  &%Regions encompass
surfaces of &%Objects, imaginary places, and &%GeographicAreas.  Note
that a &%Region is the only kind of &%Object which can be located at
itself.  Note too that &%Region is not a subclass of &%SelfConnectedObject,
because some &%Regions, e.g. archipelagos, have &%parts which are not
&%connected with one another.")

(=>
   (instance ?REGION Region)
   (exists (?PHYS)
      (located ?PHYS ?REGION)))

(subclass Collection Object)
(disjoint Collection SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation Collection "Collections have &%members like &%Classes, but,
unlike &%Classes, they have a position in space-time and &%members can be
added and subtracted without thereby changing the identity of the
&%Collection.  Some examples are toolkits, football teams, and flocks
of sheep.")

(=>
   (instance ?COLL Collection)
   (exists (?OBJ)
        (member ?OBJ ?COLL)))

(subrelation member part)
(instance member AsymmetricRelation)
(instance member IntransitiveRelation)
(domain member 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain member 2 Collection)
(relatedInternalConcept member instance)
(relatedInternalConcept member element)
(documentation member "A specialized common sense notion of part for
uniform parts of &%Collections.  For example, each sheep in a flock of
sheep would have the relationship of member to the flock.")

(instance subCollection BinaryPredicate)
(instance subCollection PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subCollection 1 Collection)
(domain subCollection 2 Collection)
(documentation subCollection "(&%subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that
the &%Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the &%Collection ?COLL2.")

(<=>
   (subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2)
   (and
      (instance ?COLL1 Collection)
      (instance ?COLL2 Collection)
      (forall (?MEMBER)
         (=>
            (member ?MEMBER ?COLL1)
            (member ?MEMBER ?COLL2)))))

(subclass ContentBearingPhysical Physical)
(documentation ContentBearingPhysical "Any &%Object or &%Process that
expresses content.  This covers &%Objects that contain a &%Proposition,
such as a book, as well as &%ManualSignLanguage, which may similarly
contain a &%Proposition.")

(=>
   (instance ?OBJ ContentBearingPhysical)
   (exists (?THING)
      (represents ?OBJ ?THING)))

(subclass ContentBearingProcess ContentBearingPhysical)
(documentation ContentBearingProcess "Any &%Process, for example
&%ManualHumanLanguage, which may contain a &%Proposition.")

(subclass ContentBearingObject CorpuscularObject)
(subclass ContentBearingObject ContentBearingPhysical)
(relatedInternalConcept ContentBearingObject containsInformation)
(documentation ContentBearingObject "Any &%SelfConnectedObject that expresses
content.  This content may be a &%Proposition, e.g. when the &%ContentBearingObject
is a &%Sentence or &%Text, or it may be a representation of an abstract or
physical object, as with an &%Icon, a &%Word or a &%Phrase.")

(subclass SymbolicString ContentBearingObject)
(documentation SymbolicString "The &%Class of alphanumeric sequences.")

(subclass Character SymbolicString)
(documentation Character "An element of an alphabet, a set of numerals, etc.
Note that a &%Character may or may not be part of a &%Language.  &%Character
is a subclass of &%SymbolicString, because every instance of &%Character is
an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a single element.")

(=>
    (instance ?STRING SymbolicString)
    (exists (?PART)
        (and
            (part ?PART ?STRING)
            (instance ?PART Character))))

(instance containsInformation BinaryPredicate)
(instance containsInformation AsymmetricRelation)
(subrelation containsInformation represents)
(domain containsInformation 1 ContentBearingPhysical)
(domain containsInformation 2 Proposition)
(documentation containsInformation "A subrelation of &%represents.  This
predicate relates a &%ContentBearingPhysical to the &%Proposition that is
expressed by the &%ContentBearingPhysical. Examples include the relationships
between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its
musical content.")

(subclass Icon ContentBearingPhysical)
(documentation Icon "This is the subclass of &%ContentBearingPhysical
which are not part of a &%Language and which have some sort of similarity
with the &%Objects that they represent.  This &%Class would include symbolic
roadway signs, representational art works, photographs, etc.")

(subclass MotionPicture Text)
(documentation MotionPicture "A &%ContentBearingObject which depicts motion
(and which may have an audio or text component as well).  This &%Class covers
films, videos, etc.")

(subclass LinguisticExpression ContentBearingPhysical)
(disjoint LinguisticExpression Icon)
(documentation LinguisticExpression "This is the subclass of
&%ContentBearingPhysical which are language-related.  Note that this &%Class
encompasses both &%Language and the the elements of &%Languages,
e.g. &%Words.")

(subclass Language LinguisticExpression)
(disjointDecomposition Language AnimalLanguage HumanLanguage ComputerLanguage)
(documentation Language "A system of signs for expressing thought.  The
system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges
gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created
by a person or group of people.")

(subclass AnimalLanguage Language)
(documentation AnimalLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Languages used by
&%Animals other than &%Humans.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LANG AnimalLanguage)
      (agent ?PROC ?AGENT)
      (instrument ?PROC ?LANG))
   (and
      (instance ?AGENT Animal)
      (not (instance ?AGENT Human))))

(subclass ArtificialLanguage Language)
(documentation ArtificialLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Languages that are
designed by &%Humans.")

(subclass ComputerLanguage ArtificialLanguage)
(documentation ComputerLanguage "The class of &%Languages designed for
and interpreted by a computer.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LANG ComputerLanguage)
      (agent ?PROC ?AGENT)
      (instrument ?PROC ?LANG))
   (instance ?AGENT Machine))

(subclass HumanLanguage Language)
(partition HumanLanguage NaturalLanguage ConstructedLanguage)
(partition HumanLanguage SpokenHumanLanguage ManualHumanLanguage)
(documentation HumanLanguage "The &%subclass of &%Languages used by
&%Humans.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LANG HumanLanguage)
      (agent ?PROC ?AGENT)
      (instrument ?PROC ?LANG))
   (instance ?AGENT Human))

(subclass ConstructedLanguage HumanLanguage)
(subclass ConstructedLanguage ArtificialLanguage)
(documentation ConstructedLanguage "An &%ConstructedLanguage is a
&%HumanLanguage that did not evolve spontaneously within a language
community, but rather had its core grammar and vocabulary invented by
one or more language experts, often with an aim to produce a more
grammatically regular language than any language that has evolved
naturally.  This &%Class includes languages like Esperanto that were
created to facilitate international communication")

(=>
   (instance ?LANG ConstructedLanguage)
   (exists (?PLAN)
      (and
         (instance ?PLAN Planning)
         (result ?PLAN ?LANG))))

(subclass NaturalLanguage HumanLanguage)
(documentation NaturalLanguage "The &%subclass of &%HumanLanguages which
are not designed and which evolve from generation to generation.  This
&%Class includes all of the national languages, e.g. English, Spanish,
Japanese, etc.  Note that this class includes dialects of natural
languages.")

(subclass ManualHumanLanguage HumanLanguage)
(documentation ManualHumanLanguage "A &%ManualHumanLanguage is a
&%HumanLanguage which has as its medium gestures and movement, such
as the shape, position, and movement of the hands.")

(subclass SpokenHumanLanguage HumanLanguage)
(documentation SpokenHumanLanguage "A &%SpokenHumanLanguage is a
&%HumanLanguage which has as its medium the human voice. It can also
berepresented visually through writing, although not all
&%SpokenHumanLanguages have a codified written form.")

(subclass Word LinguisticExpression)
(documentation Word "A term of a &%Language that represents a concept.")

(subclass Formula Sentence)
(documentation Formula "A syntactically well-formed formula in the
SUO-KIF knowledge representation language.")

;; The following ground facts incorporate the 'Agent' hierarchy from the
;; corresponding ontology on the Ontolingua server.  It also includes
;; predicates defined in the ITBM-CNR ontology "Actors".

(subclass Agent Object)
(documentation Agent "Something or someone that can act on its own and
produce changes in the world.")

(<=>
        (instance ?AGENT Agent)
        (exists (?PROC)
                (agent ?PROC ?AGENT)))

(subclass SentientAgent Agent)
(documentation SentientAgent "An &%Agent that has rights but may or may
not have responsibilities and the ability to reason.  If the latter are
present, then the &%Agent is also an instance of &%CognitiveAgent.
Domesticated animals are an example of &%SentientAgents that are not
also &%CognitiveAgents.")

(subclass CognitiveAgent SentientAgent)
(documentation CognitiveAgent "A &%SentientAgent with responsibilities
and the ability to reason, deliberate, make plans, etc.  This is
essentially the legal/ethical notion of a person.  Note that, although
&%Human is a subclass of &%CognitiveAgent, there may be instances of
&%CognitiveAgent which are not also instances of &%Human.  For example,
chimpanzees, gorillas, dolphins, whales, and some extraterrestrials
(if they exist) may be &%CognitiveAgents.")

(instance leader BinaryPredicate)
(instance leader AsymmetricRelation)
(instance leader SingleValuedRelation)
(domain leader 1 Agent)
(domain leader 2 Human)
(documentation leader "(&%leader ?INSTITUTION ?PERSON)
means that the leader of ?INSTITUTION is ?PERSON.")

(=>
        (leader ?X ?Y)
        (attribute ?Y Living))

(subclass Process Physical)
(documentation Process "Intuitively, the class of things that happen
and have temporal parts or stages.  Examples include extended events
like a football match or a race, actions like &%Pursuing and &%Reading,
and biological processes. The formal definition is: anything that lasts
for a time but is not an &%Object.  Note that a &%Process may have
participants 'inside' it which are &%Objects, such as the players
in a football match.  In a 4D ontology, a &%Process is something whose
spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages
roughly perpendicular to the time-axis.")

(subclass DualObjectProcess Process)
(documentation DualObjectProcess "Any &%Process that requires two,
nonidentical &%patients.")

(=>
   (instance ?PROCESS DualObjectProcess)
   (exists (?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (and
         (patient ?PROCESS ?OBJ1)
         (patient ?PROCESS ?OBJ2)
         (not (equal ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))))

(subclass Abstract Entity)
(disjointDecomposition Abstract Quantity Attribute SetOrClass Relation Proposition)
(documentation Abstract "Properties or qualities as distinguished from any
particular embodiment of the properties/qualities in a physical medium.
Instances of Abstract can be said to exist in the same sense as mathematical
objects such as sets and relations, but they cannot exist at a particular
place and time without some physical encoding or embodiment.")

;; Something is Abstract just in case it has neither a spatial nor temporal
;; location.

(<=>
   (instance ?ABS Abstract)
   (not
      (exists (?POINT)
         (or
              (located ?ABS ?POINT)
            (time ?ABS ?POINT)))))

(subclass Quantity Abstract)
(documentation Quantity "Any specification of how many or how much of
something there is.  Accordingly, there are two subclasses of &%Quantity:
&%Number (how many) and &%PhysicalQuantity (how much).")

(subclass Attribute Abstract)
(partition Attribute InternalAttribute RelationalAttribute)
(documentation Attribute "Qualities which we cannot or choose not to
reify into subclasses of &%Object.")

(instance property BinaryPredicate)
(domain property 1 Entity)
(domain property 2 Attribute)
(documentation property "This &%Predicate holds between an instance of
&%Entity and an instance of &%Attribute.  (&%property ?ENTITY ?ATTR)
means that ?ENTITY has the &%Attribute ?ATTR.")

(instance attribute AsymmetricRelation)
(instance attribute IrreflexiveRelation)
(subrelation attribute property)
(domain attribute 1 Object)
(documentation attribute "(&%attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that
?PROPERTY is a &%Attribute of ?OBJECT.  For example,
(&%attribute &%MyLittleRedWagon &%Red).")

(instance manner AsymmetricRelation)
(instance manner IrreflexiveRelation)
(subrelation manner property)
(domain manner 1 Process)
(disjointRelation manner attribute)
(documentation manner "(&%manner ?PROCESS ?MANNER) means that the
&%Process ?PROCESS is qualified by the &%Attribute ?MANNER.  The &%Attributes
of &%Processes are usually denoted by adverbs and include things like the
speed of the wind, the style of a dance, or the intensity of a sports
competition.")

(instance AbstractionFn UnaryFunction)
(instance AbstractionFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain AbstractionFn 1 Class)
(range AbstractionFn Attribute)
(documentation AbstractionFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Class into
the instance of &%Attribute that specifies the condition(s) for membership
in the &%Class.")

(<=>
   (equal (AbstractionFn ?CLASS) ?ATTR)
   (forall (?INST)
      (<=>
         (instance ?INST ?CLASS)
         (property ?INST ?ATTR))))

(instance ExtensionFn UnaryFunction)
(instance ExtensionFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain ExtensionFn 1 Attribute)
(range ExtensionFn Class)
(documentation ExtensionFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Attribute
into the &%Class whose condition for membership is the &%Attribute.")

(<=>
   (equal (ExtensionFn ?ATTRIBUTE) ?CLASS)
   (equal (AbstractionFn ?CLASS) ?ATTRIBUTE))

(subclass InternalAttribute Attribute)
(documentation InternalAttribute "Any &%Attribute of an &%Entity that is an
internal property of the &%Entity, e.g. its shape, its color, its fragility,
etc.")

(subclass RelationalAttribute Attribute)
(documentation RelationalAttribute "Any &%Attribute that an &%Entity has by
virtue of a relationship that it bears to another &%Entity or set of &%Entities,
e.g. &%SocialRoles and &%PositionalAttributes.")

;; The following formulas incorporate the Number hierarchy from the
;; ontology 'kif-numbers' on the Ontolingua server.

(subclass Number Quantity)
(partition Number RealNumber ImaginaryNumber ComplexNumber)
(documentation Number "A measure of how many things there are, or how
much there is, of a certain kind.  &%Numbers are subclassed into
&%RealNumber, &%ComplexNumber, and &%ImaginaryNumber.")

(instance lessThan BinaryPredicate)
(instance lessThan TransitiveRelation)
(instance lessThan IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance lessThan RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(trichotomizingOn lessThan RealNumber)
(domain lessThan 1 Quantity)
(domain lessThan 2 Quantity)
(documentation lessThan "(&%lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just
in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.")

(instance greaterThan BinaryPredicate)
(instance greaterThan TransitiveRelation)
(instance greaterThan IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance greaterThan RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(trichotomizingOn greaterThan RealNumber)
(domain greaterThan 1 Quantity)
(domain greaterThan 2 Quantity)
(inverse greaterThan lessThan)
(documentation greaterThan "(&%greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true
just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the &%Quantity
?NUMBER2.")

(instance lessThanOrEqualTo BinaryPredicate)
(instance lessThanOrEqualTo PartialOrderingRelation)
(instance lessThanOrEqualTo RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(trichotomizingOn lessThanOrEqualTo RealNumber)
(domain lessThanOrEqualTo 1 Quantity)
(domain lessThanOrEqualTo 2 Quantity)
(documentation lessThanOrEqualTo "(&%lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than or equal to
the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.")

(<=>
        (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
        (or
                (equal ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
                (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)))

(instance greaterThanOrEqualTo BinaryPredicate)
(instance greaterThanOrEqualTo PartialOrderingRelation)
(instance greaterThanOrEqualTo RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(trichotomizingOn greaterThanOrEqualTo RealNumber)
(domain greaterThanOrEqualTo 1 Quantity)
(domain greaterThanOrEqualTo 2 Quantity)
(inverse greaterThanOrEqualTo lessThanOrEqualTo)
(documentation greaterThanOrEqualTo "(&%greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1
?NUMBER2) is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater
than the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.")

(<=>
        (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
        (or
                (equal ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
                (greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)))

(subclass RealNumber Number)
(partition RealNumber NegativeRealNumber NonnegativeRealNumber)
(partition RealNumber RationalNumber IrrationalNumber)
(documentation RealNumber "Any &%Number that can be expressed as a
(possibly infinite) decimal, i.e. any &%Number that has a position
on the number line.")

(subclass ImaginaryNumber Number)
(documentation ImaginaryNumber "Any &%Number that is the result of
multiplying a &%RealNumber by the square root of -1.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER ImaginaryNumber)
   (exists (?REAL)
      (and
         (instance ?REAL RealNumber)
         (equal ?NUMBER (MultiplicationFn ?REAL (SquareRootFn -1))))))

(subclass RationalNumber RealNumber)
(documentation RationalNumber "Any &%RealNumber that is the product of
dividing two &%Integers.")

(subclass IrrationalNumber RealNumber)
(documentation IrrationalNumber "Any &%RealNumber that is not also a
&%RationalNumber.")

(subclass NonnegativeRealNumber RealNumber)
(documentation NonnegativeRealNumber "A &%RealNumber that is greater than
or equal to zero.")

(<=>
   (instance ?NUMBER NonnegativeRealNumber)
   (and
      (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 0)
      (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)))

(subclass PositiveRealNumber NonnegativeRealNumber)
(documentation PositiveRealNumber "A &%RealNumber that is greater than
zero.")

(<=>
   (instance ?NUMBER PositiveRealNumber)
   (and
      (greaterThan ?NUMBER 0)
      (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)))

(subclass NegativeRealNumber RealNumber)
(documentation NegativeRealNumber "A &%RealNumber that is less than
zero.")

(<=>
   (instance ?NUMBER NegativeRealNumber)
   (and
      (lessThan ?NUMBER 0)
      (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)))

(subclass Integer RationalNumber)
(partition Integer OddInteger EvenInteger)
(partition Integer NegativeInteger NonnegativeInteger)
(documentation Integer "A negative or nonnegative whole number.")

(subclass EvenInteger Integer)
(documentation EvenInteger "An &%Integer that is evenly divisible
by 2.")

(subclass OddInteger Integer)
(documentation OddInteger "An &%Integer that is not evenly divisible
by 2.")

(subclass PrimeNumber Integer)
(documentation PrimeNumber "An &%Integer that is evenly divisible only
by itself and 1.")

(subclass NonnegativeInteger Integer)
(subclass NonnegativeInteger NonnegativeRealNumber)
(documentation NonnegativeInteger "An &%Integer that is greater than
or equal to zero.")

(subclass NegativeInteger Integer)
(subclass NegativeInteger NegativeRealNumber)
(documentation NegativeInteger "An &%Integer that is less than zero.")

(subclass PositiveInteger NonnegativeInteger)
(subclass PositiveInteger PositiveRealNumber)
(documentation PositiveInteger "An &%Integer that is greater than zero.")

(subclass BinaryNumber RealNumber)
(documentation BinaryNumber "Elements from the number system with base 2.
Every &%BinaryNumber is expressed as a sequence of the digits 1 and 0.")

(subclass ComplexNumber Number)
(disjoint ComplexNumber RealNumber)
(documentation ComplexNumber "A &%Number that has the form: x + yi, where x
and y are &%RealNumbers and i is the square root of -1.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER ComplexNumber)
   (exists (?REAL1 ?REAL2)
      (and
         (instance ?REAL1 RealNumber)
         (instance ?REAL2 RealNumber)
         (equal ?NUMBER (AdditionFn ?REAL1 (MultiplicationFn ?REAL2 (SquareRootFn -1)))))))

(subclass PhysicalQuantity Quantity)
(partition PhysicalQuantity ConstantQuantity FunctionQuantity)
(documentation PhysicalQuantity "&%A PhysicalQuantity is a measure of
some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world, such as 'the earth's
diameter' (a constant length) and 'the stress in a loaded deformable
solid' (a measure of stress, which is a function of three spatial
coordinates).  All &%PhysicalQuantities are either &%ConstantQuantities
or &%FunctionQuantities.  Instances of &%ConstantQuantity are dependent
on a &%UnitOfMeasure, while instances of &%FunctionQuantity are
&%Functions that map instances of &%ConstantQuantity to other instances
of &%ConstantQuantity (e.g., &%TimeDependentQuantities are
&%FunctionQuantities).  Although the name and definition of
&%PhysicalQuantity is borrowed from physics, &%PhysicalQuantities need
not be material.  Aside from the dimensions of length, time, velocity,
etc., nonphysical dimensions such as currency are also possible.
Accordingly, amounts of money would be instances of &%PhysicalQuantity.
&%PhysicalQuantities are distinguished from &%Numbers by the fact that
the former are associated with a dimension of measurement.")

(subclass ConstantQuantity PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation ConstantQuantity "A &%ConstantQuantity is a
&%PhysicalQuantity which has a constant value, e.g. 3 meters and 5 hours.
The magnitude (see &%MagnitudeFn) of every &%ConstantQuantity is a
&%RealNumber.  &%ConstantQuantities are distinguished from
&%FunctionQuantities, which map &%ConstantQuantities to other
&%ConstantQuantities.  All &%ConstantQuantites are expressed with the
&%BinaryFunction &%MeasureFn, which takes a &%Number and a &%UnitOfMeasure
as arguments.  For example, 3 &%Meters can be expressed as (&%MeasureFn 3
&%Meter).  &%ConstantQuantities form a partial order (see
&%PartialOrderingRelation) with the &%lessThan relation, since &%lessThan
is a &%RelationExtendedToQuantities and &%lessThan is defined over the
&%RealNumbers.  The &%lessThan relation is not a total order (see
&%TotalOrderingRelation) over the class &%ConstantQuantity since elements
of some subclasses of &%ConstantQuantity (such as length quantities)
are incomparable to elements of other subclasses of &%ConstantQuantity
(such as mass quantities).")

(subclass TimeMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation TimeMeasure "The class of temporal durations (instances
of &%TimeDuration) and positions of &%TimePoints and &%TimeIntervals along
the universal timeline (instances of &%TimePosition).")

(subclass TimeDuration TimeMeasure)
(documentation TimeDuration "Any measure of length of time,
with or without respect to the universal timeline.")

(subclass TimePosition TimeMeasure)
(partition TimePosition TimeInterval TimePoint)
(documentation TimePosition "Any &%TimePoint or &%TimeInterval
along the universal timeline from &%NegativeInfinity to
&%PositiveInfinity.")

(subclass TimeInterval TimePosition)
(documentation TimeInterval "An interval of time.  Note that a
&%TimeInterval has both an extent and a location on the universal
timeline.  Note too that a &%TimeInterval has no gaps, i.e. this
class contains only convex time intervals.")

(subclass TimePoint TimePosition)
(documentation TimePoint "An extensionless point on the universal timeline.
The &%TimePoints at which &%Processes occur can be known with various
degrees of precision and approximation, but conceptually &%TimePoints are
point-like and not interval-like.  That is, it doesn't make sense to talk
about how long a &%TimePoint lasts.")

(subclass FunctionQuantity PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation FunctionQuantity "A &%FunctionQuantity is a &%PhysicalQuantity
that is returned by a &%Function that maps from one or more instances of
&%ConstantQuantity to another instance of &%ConstantQuantity.  For example,
the velocity of a particle would be represented by a &%FunctionQuantity
relating values of time (which are &%ConstantQuantities) to values of distance
(also &%ConstantQuantities).  Note that all elements of the range of the
&%Function corresponding to a &%FunctionQuantity have the same physical
dimension as the &%FunctionQuantity itself.")

(subclass UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity FunctionQuantity)
(documentation UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity "The class of &%FunctionQuantities
that are returned by &%UnaryFunctions that map from the &%Class &%ConstantQuantity
to the &%Class &%ConstantQuantity.")

(subclass TimeDependentQuantity UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity)
(documentation TimeDependentQuantity "A &%UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity of
continuous time.  All instances of this &%Class are returned by &%Functions
that map a time quantity into another &%ConstantQuantity such as temperature.
For example, 'the temperature at the top of the Empire State Building' is a
&%TimeDependentQuantity since its value depends on the time.")

(subclass SetOrClass Abstract)
(partition SetOrClass Set Class)
(documentation SetOrClass "The &%SetOrClass of &%Sets and &%Classes, i.e. any instance
of &%Abstract that has &%elements or &%instances.")

(subclass Class SetOrClass)
(documentation Class "&%Classes differ from &%Sets in three important respects.
First, &%Classes are not assumed to be extensional.  That is, distinct
&%Classes might well have exactly the same instances.  Second, &%Classes typically
have an associated `condition' that determines the instances of the &%Class.  So,
for example, the condition `human' determines the &%Class of &%Humans.  Note that
some &%Classes might satisfy their own condition (e.g., the &%Class of &%Abstract
things is &%Abstract) and hence be instances of themselves.  Third, the instances
of a class may occur only once within the class, i.e. a class cannot contain
duplicate instances.")

(subclass Set SetOrClass)
(documentation Set "A &%SetOrClass that satisfies extensionality as well as
other constraints specified by some choice of set theory.  &%Sets differ
from &%Classes in two important respects.  First, &%Sets are extensional -
two &%Sets with the same &%elements are identical.  Second, a &%Set can be
an arbitrary stock of objects.  That is, there is no requirement that &%Sets
have an associated condition that determines their membership.  Note that &%Sets
are not assumed to be unique sets, i.e. &%elements of a &%Set may occur more
than once in the &%Set.")

(subclass Relation Abstract)
(disjointDecomposition Relation BinaryRelation TernaryRelation QuaternaryRelation QuintaryRelation VariableArityRelation)
(partition Relation Predicate Function List)
(partition Relation TotalValuedRelation PartialValuedRelation)
(documentation Relation "The &%Class of relations.  There are three kinds
of &%Relation:  &%Predicate, &%Function, and &%List.  &%Predicates and
&%Functions both denote sets of ordered n-tuples.  The difference between
these two &%Classes is that &%Predicates cover formula-forming operators, while
&%Functions cover term-forming operators.  A &%List, on the other hand, is a
particular ordered n-tuple.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL Relation)
   (<=>
        (holds ?REL @ROW)
        (?REL @ROW)))

;; The following part of the ontology covers the various classes under
;; 'Relation'.  Most of the content here is taken from frame-ontology,
;; abstract-algebra, kif-relations, and kif-extensions (ontologies
;; available on the Ontolingua server).

(subclass SingleValuedRelation Relation)
(instance SingleValuedRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation SingleValuedRelation "A &%Relation is a &%SingleValuedRelation
just in case an assignment of values to every argument position except the last
one determines at most one assignment for the last argument position.  Note
that not all &%SingleValuedRelations are &%TotalValuedRelations.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL SingleValuedRelation)
   (forall (@ROW ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2)
      (=>
         (and
            (holds ?REL @ROW ?ITEM1)
            (holds ?REL @ROW ?ITEM2))
         (equal ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2))))

(subclass TotalValuedRelation Relation)
(instance TotalValuedRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation TotalValuedRelation "A &%Relation is a &%TotalValuedRelation
just in case there exists an assignment for the last argument position of the
&%Relation given any assignment of values to every argument position except
the last one.  Note that declaring a &%Relation to be both a &%TotalValuedRelation
and a &%SingleValuedRelation means that it is a total function.")

(<=>
   (instance ?REL TotalValuedRelation)
   (exists (?VALENCE)
      (and
         (instance ?REL Relation)
         (valence ?REL ?VALENCE)
         (=>
            (forall (?NUMBER ?ELEMENT ?CLASS)
               (=>
                  (and
                     (lessThan ?NUMBER ?VALENCE)
                     (domain ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS)
                     (equal ?ELEMENT (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW) ?NUMBER)))
                  (instance ?ELEMENT ?CLASS)))
            (exists (?ITEM)
               (holds ?REL @ROW ?ITEM))))))

(subclass PartialValuedRelation Relation)
(documentation PartialValuedRelation "A &%Relation is a &%PartialValuedRelation
just in case it is not a &%TotalValuedRelation, i.e. just in case assigning values
to every argument position except the last one does not necessarily mean that there
is a value assignment for the last argument position.  Note that, if a &%Relation
is both a &%PartialValuedRelation and a &%SingleValuedRelation, then it is a partial
function.")

(subclass BinaryRelation Relation)
(instance BinaryRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation BinaryRelation "&%BinaryRelations are relations that are
true only of pairs of things.  &%BinaryRelations are represented as slots
in frame systems.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL BinaryRelation)
   (not
      (exists (?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 @ROW)
         (holds ?REL ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 @ROW))))

(subclass ReflexiveRelation BinaryRelation)
(documentation ReflexiveRelation "&%Relation ?REL is reflexive if
(?REL ?INST ?INST) for all ?INST.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL ReflexiveRelation)
   (=>
      (or
         (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
         (holds ?REL ?INST2 ?INST1))
      (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST1)))

(subclass IrreflexiveRelation BinaryRelation)
(documentation IrreflexiveRelation "&%Relation ?REL is irreflexive
if (?REL ?INST ?INST) holds for no value of ?INST.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL IrreflexiveRelation)
   (forall (?INST)
      (not
         (holds ?REL ?INST ?INST))))

(subclass SymmetricRelation BinaryRelation)
(documentation SymmetricRelation "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is
symmetric just in case (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) imples (?REL
?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2.")


(=>
   (instance ?REL SymmetricRelation)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (=>
         (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
         (holds ?REL ?INST2 ?INST1))))

(subclass AsymmetricRelation IrreflexiveRelation)
(subclass AsymmetricRelation AntisymmetricRelation)
(documentation AsymmetricRelation "A &%BinaryRelation is asymmetric only
if it is both an &%AntisymmetricRelation and an &%IrreflexiveRelation.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REL BinaryRelation)
      (or
         (domain ?REL 1 ?CLASS1)
         (domainSubclass ?REL 1 ?CLASS1))
      (or
         (domain ?REL 2 ?CLASS2)
         (domainSubclass ?REL 2 ?CLASS2)
         (range ?REL ?CLASS2)
         (rangeSubclass ?REL ?CLASS2))
      (disjoint ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))
   (instance ?REL AsymmetricRelation))

(subclass AntisymmetricRelation BinaryRelation)
(documentation AntisymmetricRelation "&%BinaryRelation ?REL is an
&%AntisymmetricRelation if for distinct ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1
?INST2) implies not (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1).  In other words, for all ?INST1
and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) imply that ?INST1
and ?INST2 are identical.  Note that it is possible for an
&%AntisymmetricRelation to be a &%ReflexiveRelation.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL AntisymmetricRelation)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (=>
         (and
            (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
            (holds ?REL ?INST2 ?INST1))
         (equal ?INST1 ?INST2))))

(subclass TrichotomizingRelation BinaryRelation)
(documentation TrichotomizingRelation "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is a
&%TrichotomizingRelation just in case all ordered pairs consisting of
distinct individuals are elements of ?REL.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL TrichotomizingRelation)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (or
         (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
         (equal ?INST1 ?INST2)
         (holds ?REL ?INST2 ?INST1))))

(subclass TransitiveRelation BinaryRelation)
(documentation TransitiveRelation "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is transitive
if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3),
for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL TransitiveRelation)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2 ?INST3)
      (=>
         (and
            (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
            (holds ?REL ?INST2 ?INST3))
         (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST3))))

(subclass IntransitiveRelation BinaryRelation)
(documentation IntransitiveRelation "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is
intransitive only if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply not
(?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL IntransitiveRelation)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2 ?INST3)
      (=>
         (and
            (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
            (holds ?REL ?INST2 ?INST3))
         (not
            (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST3)))))

(subclass PartialOrderingRelation TransitiveRelation)
(subclass PartialOrderingRelation AntisymmetricRelation)
(subclass PartialOrderingRelation ReflexiveRelation)
(documentation PartialOrderingRelation "A &%BinaryRelation is a partial
ordering if it is a &%ReflexiveRelation, an &%AntisymmetricRelation, and
a &%TransitiveRelation.")

(subclass TotalOrderingRelation PartialOrderingRelation)
(subclass TotalOrderingRelation TrichotomizingRelation)
(documentation TotalOrderingRelation  "A &%BinaryRelation is a
&%TotalOrderingRelation if it is a &%PartialOrderingRelation
and a &%TrichotomizingRelation.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL TotalOrderingRelation)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (or
         (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
         (holds ?REL ?INST2 ?INST1))))

(subclass EquivalenceRelation TransitiveRelation)
(subclass EquivalenceRelation SymmetricRelation)
(subclass EquivalenceRelation ReflexiveRelation)
(documentation EquivalenceRelation "A &%BinaryRelation is an equivalence
relation if it is a &%ReflexiveRelation, a &%SymmetricRelation, and a
&%TransitiveRelation.")

(subclass CaseRole BinaryPredicate)
(instance CaseRole InheritableRelation)
(subclass CaseRole AsymmetricRelation)
(documentation CaseRole "The &%Class of &%Predicates relating the
spatially distinguished parts of a &%Process. &%CaseRoles include, for
example, the &%agent, &%patient or &%destination of an action, the flammable
substance in a burning process, or the water that falls in rain.")

(instance agent CaseRole)
(domain agent 1 Process)
(domain agent 2 Agent)
(documentation agent "(&%agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is
an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the &%Process
?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention.  For example, Eve is an
&%agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple.")

(=>
   (instance ?PROCESS Process)
   (exists (?CAUSE)
      (agent ?PROCESS ?CAUSE)))

(instance destination CaseRole)
(domain destination 1 Process)
(domain destination 2 Entity)
(documentation destination "(destination ?PROCESS ?GOAL) means that
?GOAL is the target or goal of the Process ?PROCESS.  For example,
Danbury would be the destination in the following proposition:  Bob went
to Danbury.  Note that this is a very general &%CaseRole and, in
particular, that it covers the concepts of 'recipient' and 'beneficiary'.
Thus, John would be the &%destination in the following proposition:
Tom gave a book to John.")

(instance experiencer CaseRole)
(domain experiencer 1 Process)
(domain experiencer 2 Agent)
(documentation experiencer "(&%experiencer ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means
that ?AGENT experiences the &%Process ?PROCESS.  For example, Yojo
is the &%experiencer of seeing in the following proposition:  Yojo
sees the fish.  Note that &%experiencer, unlike &%agent, does
not entail a causal relation between its arguments.")

(subrelation instrument patient)
(domain instrument 1 Process)
(domain instrument 2 Object)
(documentation instrument "(instrument ?EVENT ?TOOL) means that ?TOOL
is used by an agent in bringing about ?EVENT and that ?TOOL is not
changed by ?EVENT.  For example, the key is an &%instrument in the
following proposition: The key opened the door.  Note that &%instrument
and &%resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair.")

(instance origin CaseRole)
(domain origin 1 Process)
(domain origin 2 Object)
(documentation origin "(&%origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE
indicates where the ?Process began.  Note that this relation implies
that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not
participate throughout the process.  For example, the submarine is the
&%origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a
submarine.")

(instance patient CaseRole)
(domain patient 1 Process)
(domain patient 2 Entity)
(documentation patient "(&%patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY
is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc.
For example, the direct objects in the sentences 'The cat swallowed the
canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of &%patients.  Note
that the &%patient of a &%Process may or may not undergo structural
change as a result of the &%Process.  The &%CaseRole of &%patient is used
when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a
&%Process.")

(subrelation resource patient)
(domain resource 1 Process)
(domain resource 2 Object)
(disjointRelation resource result instrument)
(documentation resource "(&%resource ?PROCESS ?RESOURCE) means that
?RESOURCE is present at the beginning of ?PROCESS, is used by ?PROCESS,
and as a consequence is changed by ?PROCESS.  For example, soap is a
&%resource in the following proposition:  the gun was carved out of soap.
Note that &%resource differs from &%instrument, another subrelation of
&%patient, in that its internal or physical properties are altered in
some way by the &%Process.")

(subrelation result patient)
(domain result 1 Process)
(domain result 2 Entity)
(documentation result "(result ?ACTION ?OUTPUT) means that ?OUTPUT is
a product of ?ACTION.  For example, house is a &%result in the
following proposition: Eric built a house.")

(instance InheritableRelation Class)
(documentation InheritableRelation "This is a &%Class of &%Classes.  Each
&%instance of &%InheritableRelation is a &%subclass of &%Relation whose
properties can be inherited downward in the class hierarchy via the
&%subrelation &%Predicate.")

(subclass ProbabilityRelation Relation)
(instance ProbabilityRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation ProbabilityRelation "The &%Class of &%Relations that
permit assessment of the probability of an event or situation.")

(instance ProbabilityFn ProbabilityRelation)
(instance ProbabilityFn TotalValuedRelation)
(instance ProbabilityFn UnaryFunction)
(domain ProbabilityFn 1 Formula)
(range ProbabilityFn RealNumber)
(instance ProbabilityFn AsymmetricRelation)
(documentation ProbabilityFn "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations,
&%ProbabilityFn is used to state the a priori probability of a state of
affairs.  (&%ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA) denotes the a priori probability
of ?FORMULA.")

(instance conditionalProbability ProbabilityRelation)
(instance conditionalProbability TernaryPredicate)
(domain conditionalProbability 1 Formula)
(domain conditionalProbability 2 Formula)
(domain conditionalProbability 3 RealNumber)
(documentation conditionalProbability "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations.
&%conditionalProbability is used to state the numeric value of a conditional
probability.  (&%conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER) means
that the probability of ?FORMULA2 being true given that ?FORMULA1 is true is
?NUMBER.")

(instance increasesLikelihood ProbabilityRelation)
(instance increasesLikelihood BinaryPredicate)
(instance increasesLikelihood IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain increasesLikelihood 1 Formula)
(domain increasesLikelihood 2 Formula)
(disjointRelation increasesLikelihood decreasesLikelihood independentProbability)
(documentation increasesLikelihood "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations.
(&%increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is more
likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true.")

(=>
   (and
      (increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
      (equal (ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA2) ?NUMBER1)
      (conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER2))
   (greaterThan ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))

(instance decreasesLikelihood ProbabilityRelation)
(instance decreasesLikelihood BinaryPredicate)
(instance decreasesLikelihood IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain decreasesLikelihood 1 Formula)
(domain decreasesLikelihood 2 Formula)
(documentation decreasesLikelihood "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations.
(&%decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is less
likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true.")

(=>
   (and
      (decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
      (equal (ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA2) ?NUMBER1)
      (conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER2))
   (lessThan ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))

(instance independentProbability ProbabilityRelation)
(instance independentProbability BinaryPredicate)
(instance independentProbability SymmetricRelation)
(domain independentProbability 1 Formula)
(domain independentProbability 2 Formula)
(documentation independentProbability "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations.
(&%independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that the probabilities of
?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 being true are independent.")

(=>
   (and
      (independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
      (equal (ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA2) ?NUMBER1)
      (conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER2))
   (equal ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?FORMULA1 Formula)
      (instance ?FORMULA2 Formula))
   (or
      (increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
      (decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
      (independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)))

(subclass SpatialRelation Relation)
(instance SpatialRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation SpatialRelation "The &%Class of &%Relations that are
spatial in a wide sense.  This &%Class includes mereological relations
and topological relations.")

(subclass TemporalRelation Relation)
(instance TemporalRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation TemporalRelation "The &%Class of temporal &%Relations.
This &%Class includes notions of (temporal) topology of intervals,
(temporal) schemata, and (temporal) extension.")

(instance IntentionalRelation InheritableRelation)
(subclass IntentionalRelation Relation)
(documentation IntentionalRelation "The &%Class of &%Relations between
an &%Agent and one or more &%Entities, where the &%Relation requires that
the &%Agent have awareness of the &%Entity.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REL IntentionalRelation)
      (holds ?REL ?AGENT @ROW)
      (inList ?OBJ (ListFn @ROW)))
   (inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?OBJ))

(instance prefers TernaryPredicate)
(instance prefers IntentionalRelation)
(domain prefers 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain prefers 2 Formula)
(domain prefers 3 Formula)
(documentation prefers "(&%prefers ?AGENT ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that
&%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT prefers the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA1
over the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA2 all things being equal.")

(=>
   (prefers ?AGENT ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
   (not (and
      (true ?FORMULA1 True)
      (true ?FORMULA2 True))))

(subclass PropositionalAttitude IntentionalRelation)
(subclass PropositionalAttitude AsymmetricRelation)
(instance PropositionalAttitude InheritableRelation)
(documentation PropositionalAttitude "The &%Class of
&%IntentionalRelations where the &%Agent has awareness of a
&%Proposition.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REL PropositionalAttitude)
      (holds ?REL ?AGENT ?FORMULA))
   (instance ?FORMULA Formula))

(subclass ObjectAttitude IntentionalRelation)
(instance ObjectAttitude InheritableRelation)
(disjoint ObjectAttitude PropositionalAttitude)
(documentation ObjectAttitude "The &%Class of &%IntentionalRelations
where the &%Agent has awareness of an instance of &%Physical.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REL ObjectAttitude)
      (holds ?REL ?AGENT ?THING))
   (instance ?THING Physical))

(instance inScopeOfInterest BinaryPredicate)
(instance inScopeOfInterest IntentionalRelation)
(domain inScopeOfInterest 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain inScopeOfInterest 2 Entity)
(documentation inScopeOfInterest "A very general &%Predicate.
(&%inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is within the
scope of interest of ?AGENT.  Note that the interest indicated can be
either positive or negative, i.e. the ?AGENT can have an interest in
avoiding or promoting ?ENTITY.")

(<=>
   (exists (?PROCESS)
      (and
         (instance ?PROCESS IntentionalProcess)
         (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT)
         (patient ?PROCESS ?OBJECT)))
   (inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?OBJECT))

(instance needs ObjectAttitude)
(subrelation needs inScopeOfInterest)
(domain needs 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain needs 2 Physical)
(documentation needs "(&%needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is
physically required for the continued existence of ?AGENT.")

(=>
    (needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT)
    (wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT))

(instance wants ObjectAttitude)
(subrelation wants inScopeOfInterest)
(relatedInternalConcept wants desires)
(domain wants 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain wants 2 Physical)
(documentation wants "(&%wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is desired by ?AGENT,
i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will satisfy one of its goals.  Note that there is
no implication that what is wanted by an agent is not already possessed by the agent.")

(=>
   (wants ?AGENT ?OBJ)
   (exists (?PURP)
      (hasPurposeForAgent ?OBJ ?PURP ?AGENT)))

(=>
   (wants ?AGENT ?OBJ)
   (desires ?AGENT (possesses ?AGENT ?OBJ)))

(instance desires PropositionalAttitude)
(subrelation desires inScopeOfInterest)
(relatedInternalConcept desires wants)
(domain desires 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain desires 2 Formula)
(documentation desires "(&%desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT wants
to bring about the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA.  Note that there
is no implication that what is desired by the agent is not already true.
Note too that &%desires is distinguished from &%wants only in that the former
is a &%PropositionalAttitude, while &%wants is an &%ObjectAttitude.")

(instance considers PropositionalAttitude)
(subrelation considers inScopeOfInterest)
(domain considers 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain considers 2 Formula)
(documentation considers "(&%considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT
considers or wonders about the truth of the proposition expressed by
?FORMULA.")

(instance believes PropositionalAttitude)
(subrelation believes inScopeOfInterest)
(domain believes 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain believes 2 Formula)
(documentation believes "The epistemic predicate of belief.
(&%believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT believes the proposition
expressed by ?FORMULA.")

(=>
   (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA)
   (exists (?TIME)
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA))))

(instance knows PropositionalAttitude)
(subrelation knows inScopeOfInterest)
(domain knows 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain knows 2 Formula)
(documentation knows "The epistemic predicate of knowing.  (&%knows
?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT knows the proposition expressed by
?FORMULA.  Note that &%knows entails conscious awareness, so this
&%Predicate cannot be used to express tacit or subconscious or
unconscious knowledge.")

(=>
    (knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA)
    (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA))

(=>
   (knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA)
   (true ?FORMULA True))

(subclass TernaryRelation Relation)
(instance TernaryRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation TernaryRelation "&%TernaryRelations relate three items.
The two &%subclasses of &%TernaryRelation are &%TernaryPredicate and
&%BinaryFunction.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL TernaryRelation)
   (not
      (exists (?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 ?ITEM4 @ROW)
         (holds ?REL ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 ?ITEM4 @ROW))))

(subclass QuaternaryRelation Relation)
(instance QuaternaryRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation QuaternaryRelation "&%QuaternaryRelations relate four
items.  The two &%subclasses of &%QuaternaryRelation are
&%QuaternaryPredicate and &%TernaryFunction.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL QuaternaryRelation)
   (not
      (exists (?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 ?ITEM4 ?ITEM5 @ROW)
         (holds ?REL ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 ?ITEM4 ?ITEM5 @ROW))))

(subclass QuintaryRelation Relation)
(instance QuintaryRelation InheritableRelation)
(documentation QuintaryRelation "&%QuintaryRelations relate five items.
The two &%subclasses of &%QuintaryRelation are &%QuintaryPredicate and
&%QuaternaryFunction.")

(=>
   (instance ?REL QuintaryRelation)
   (not
      (exists (?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 ?ITEM4 ?ITEM5 ?ITEM6 @ROW)
         (holds ?REL ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2 ?ITEM3 ?ITEM4 ?ITEM5 ?ITEM6 @ROW))))

(subclass List Relation)
(documentation List "Every &%List is a particular ordered n-tuple of
items.  Generally speaking, &%Lists are created by means of the &%ListFn
&%Function, which takes any number of items as arguments and returns a
&%List with the items in the same order.  Anything, including other
&%Lists, may be an item in a &%List.  Note too that &%Lists are
extensional - two lists that have the same items in the same order are
identical.  Note too that a &%List may contain no items.  In that case,
the &%List is the &%NullList.")

(=>
   (instance ?LIST List)
   (exists (?NUMBER1)
      (exists (?ITEM1)
         (and
            (not (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) ?ITEM1))
            (forall (?NUMBER2)
               (=>
                  (and
                     (instance ?NUMBER2 PositiveInteger)
                     (lessThan ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))
                  (exists (?ITEM2)
                     (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) ?ITEM2))))))))

(subclass UniqueList List)
(documentation UniqueList "A &%List in which no item appears more than once,
i.e. a &%List for which there are no distinct numbers ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2
such that (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) and (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2)
return the same value.")

(=>
   (instance ?LIST UniqueList)
   (forall (?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
      (=>
         (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2))
         (equal ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))))

(instance NullList List)
(documentation NullList "The &%List that has no items.  The uniqueness of
&%NullList follows from the extensionality of &%Lists, i.e. the fact that
two &%Lists with the same items in the same order are identical.")

(<=>
   (equal ?LIST NullList)
   (and
      (instance ?LIST List)
      (not
         (exists (?ITEM)
            (inList ?ITEM ?LIST)))))

(instance ListFn Function)
(instance ListFn VariableArityRelation)
(instance ListFn TotalValuedRelation)
(range ListFn List)
(documentation ListFn "A &%Function that takes any number of arguments and
returns the &%List containing those arguments in exactly the same order.")

(=>
   (exhaustiveDecomposition ?CLASS @ROW)
   (forall (?OBJ)
      (=>
         (instance ?OBJ ?CLASS)
         (exists (?ITEM)
            (and
               (inList ?ITEM (ListFn @ROW))
               (instance ?OBJ ?ITEM))))))

(=>
   (disjointDecomposition ?CLASS @ROW)
   (forall (?ITEM)
      (=>
         (inList ?ITEM (ListFn @ROW))
         (subclass ?ITEM ?CLASS))))

(=>
   (disjointDecomposition ?CLASS @ROW)
   (forall (?ITEM1 ?ITEM2)
      (=>
         (and
            (inList ?ITEM1 (ListFn @ROW))
            (inList ?ITEM2 (ListFn @ROW))
            (not
               (equal ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2)))
         (disjoint ?ITEM1 ?ITEM2))))

(instance ListOrderFn BinaryFunction)
(instance ListOrderFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain ListOrderFn 1 List)
(domain ListOrderFn 2 PositiveInteger)
(range ListOrderFn Entity)
(documentation ListOrderFn "(&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER) denotes the item
that is in the ?NUMBER position in the &%List ?LIST.  For example,
(&%ListOrderFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday) 2) would return the
value &%Tuesday.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LIST1 List)
      (instance ?LIST2 List)
      (forall (?NUMBER)
         (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER))))
   (equal ?LIST1 ?LIST2))

(=>
   (and
      (domain ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS)
      (holds ?REL @ROW))
   (instance (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW) ?NUMBER) ?CLASS))

(=>
   (and
      (domainSubclass ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS)
      (holds ?REL @ROW))
   (subclass (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW) ?NUMBER) ?CLASS))

(instance ListLengthFn UnaryFunction)
(instance ListLengthFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain ListLengthFn 1 List)
(range ListLengthFn NonnegativeInteger)
(documentation ListLengthFn "A &%Function that takes a &%List as its sole
argument and returns the number of items in the &%List.  For example,
(&%ListLengthFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday)) would return the
value 3.")

(=>
   (and
      (equal (ListLengthFn ?LIST) ?NUMBER1)
      (instance ?LIST List)
      (instance ?NUMBER1 PositiveInteger))
   (forall (?NUMBER2)
      (<=>
         (exists (?ITEM)
            (and
               (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) ?ITEM)
               (inList ?ITEM ?LIST)))
         (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))))

(equal (ListLengthFn (ListFn @ROW ?ITEM)) (SuccessorFn (ListLengthFn (ListFn @ROW))))

(equal (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW ?ITEM) (ListLengthFn (ListFn @ROW ?ITEM))) ?ITEM)

(=>
   (valence ?REL ?NUMBER)
   (forall (@ROW)
      (=>
         (holds ?REL @ROW)
         (equal (ListLengthFn (ListFn @ROW)) ?NUMBER))))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (ListLengthFn ?LIST1) ?NUMBER)
      (instance ?LIST List)
      (instance ?NUMBER1 PositiveInteger))
   (exists (?LIST2 ?ITEM)
      (and
         (initialList ?LIST1 ?LIST2)
         (equal (SuccessorFn ?NUMBER) (ListLengthFn ?LIST2))
         (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 (SuccessorFn ?NUMBER)) ?ITEM))))

(instance ListConcatenateFn BinaryFunction)
(instance ListConcatenateFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain ListConcatenateFn 1 List)
(domain ListConcatenateFn 2 List)
(range ListConcatenateFn List)
(documentation ListConcatenateFn "A &%Function that returns the concatenation
of the two &%Lists that are given as arguments.  For example, the value of
(&%ListConcatenateFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday) (&%ListFn &%Wednesday
&%Thursday)) would be (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday &%Thursday).")

(<=>
   (equal ?LIST3 (ListConcatenateFn ?LIST1 ?LIST2))
   (forall (?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
      (=>
         (and
            (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 (ListLengthFn ?LIST1))
            (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER2 (ListLengthFn ?LIST2))
            (instance ?NUMBER1 PositiveInteger)
            (instance ?NUMBER2 PositiveInteger))
         (and
            (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST3 ?NUMBER1) (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER1))
            (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST3 (AdditionFn (ListLengthFn ?LIST1) ?NUMBER2)) (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER2))))))

(instance inList BinaryPredicate)
(instance inList IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance inList AsymmetricRelation)
(domain inList 1 Entity)
(domain inList 2 List)
(documentation inList "The analog of &%element and &%instance for &%Lists.
(&%inList ?OBJ ?LIST) means that ?OBJ is in the &%List ?LIST.  For example,
(&%inList &%Tuesday (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday)) would be true.")

(=>
   (inList ?ITEM ?LIST)
   (exists (?NUMBER)
      (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER) ?ITEM)))

(instance subList BinaryPredicate)
(instance subList PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subList 1 List)
(domain subList 2 List)
(documentation subList "(&%subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a
sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and
the elements that are common to both &%Lists have the same order in both
&%Lists.")

(=>
   (subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2)
   (forall (?ITEM)
      (=>
         (inList ?ITEM ?LIST1)
         (inList ?ITEM ?LIST2))))

(=>
   (subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2)
   (exists (?NUMBER3)
      (forall (?ITEM)
         (=>
            (inList ?ITEM ?LIST1)
            (exists (?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
               (and
                  (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER1) ?ITEM)
                  (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER2) ?ITEM)
                  (equal ?NUMBER2 (AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER3))))))))

(instance initialList BinaryPredicate)
(instance initialList PartialOrderingRelation)
(subrelation initialList subList)
(documentation initialList "(&%initialList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1
is a &%subList of ?LIST2 and (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) returns the same
value as (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER) for all of the values of ?NUMBER over
which (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) is defined.")

(=>
   (initialList ?LIST1 ?LIST2)
   (forall (?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
      (=>
         (and
            (equal (ListLengthFn ?LIST1) ?NUMBER1)
            (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))
         (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER2) (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER2)))))

(initialList (ListFn @ROW) (ListFn @ROW ?ITEM))

(instance identicalListItems BinaryPredicate)
(instance identicalListItems EquivalenceRelation)
(domain identicalListItems 1 List)
(domain identicalListItems 2 List)
(documentation identicalListItems "(&%identicalListItems ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 have exactly the same items in their respective lists.  Although ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 are required to share exactly the same items, they may order these items differently.")

(=>
   (identicalListItems ?LIST1 ?LIST2)
   (<=>
      (inList ?ITEM ?LIST1)
      (inList ?ITEM ?LIST2)))

(subclass Predicate Relation)
(instance Predicate InheritableRelation)
(documentation Predicate "A &%Predicate is a sentence-forming &%Relation.
Each tuple in the &%Relation is a finite, ordered sequence of objects.
The fact that a particular tuple is an element of a &%Predicate is denoted
by '(*predicate* arg_1 arg_2 .. arg_n)', where the arg_i are the
objects so related.  In the case of &%BinaryPredicates, the fact can
be read as `arg_1 is *predicate* arg_2' or `a *predicate* of
arg_1 is arg_2'.")

(subclass Function SingleValuedRelation)
(instance Function InheritableRelation)
(documentation Function "A &%Function is a term-forming &%Relation that
maps from a n-tuple of arguments to a range and that associates this
n-tuple with at most one range element.  Note that the range is a &%SetOrClass,
and each element of the range is an instance of the &%SetOrClass.")

(subclass UnaryFunction Function)
(subclass UnaryFunction BinaryRelation)
(instance UnaryFunction InheritableRelation)
(documentation UnaryFunction "The &%Class of &%Functions that require a
single argument.")

(=>
   (instance ?FUNCTION UnaryFunction)
   (valence ?FUNCTION 1))

(subclass OneToOneFunction UnaryFunction)
(documentation OneToOneFunction "The &%Class of &%UnaryFunctions which
are one to one.  A function F is one to one just in case for all X, Y in the
domain of F, if X is not identical to Y, then F(X) is not identical to F(Y).")

(=>
   (instance ?FUN OneToOneFunction)
   (forall (?ARG1 ?ARG2)
      (=>
         (and
            (domain ?FUN 1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?ARG1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?ARG2 ?CLASS)
            (not (equal ?ARG1 ?ARG2)))
         (not (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUN ?ARG1) (AssignmentFn ?FUN ?ARG2))))))

(subclass SequenceFunction OneToOneFunction)
(documentation SequenceFunction "The &%Class of &%OneToOneFunctions whose range
is a subclass of the &%PositiveIntegers.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SEQ SequenceFunction)
      (range ?SEQ ?CLASS))
   (subclass ?CLASS Integer))

(subclass BinaryFunction Function)
(subclass BinaryFunction TernaryRelation)
(instance BinaryFunction InheritableRelation)
(documentation BinaryFunction "The &%Class of &%Functions that require
two arguments.")

(=>
        (instance ?FUNCTION BinaryFunction)
        (valence ?FUNCTION 2))

(subclass AssociativeFunction BinaryFunction)
(documentation AssociativeFunction "A &%BinaryFunction is associative if
bracketing has no effect on the value returned by the &%Function.  More
precisely, a &%Function ?FUNCTION is associative just in case
(?FUNCTION ?INST1 (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to
(?FUNCTION (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2,
and ?INST3.")

(=>
   (instance ?FUNCTION AssociativeFunction)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2 ?INST3)
      (=>
         (and
            (domain ?FUNCTION 1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?INST1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?INST2 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?INST3 ?CLASS))
         (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST1 (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST3))
             (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?INST3)))))

(subclass CommutativeFunction BinaryFunction)
(documentation CommutativeFunction "A &%BinaryFunction is commutative if
the ordering of the arguments of the function has no effect on the value
returned by the function.  More precisely, a function ?FUNCTION is
commutative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) is equal to (?FUNCTION
?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2.")

(=>
   (instance ?FUNCTION CommutativeFunction)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (=>
         (and
            (domain ?FUNCTION 1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?INST1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?INST2 ?CLASS))
         (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2)
                (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST1)))))

(subclass TernaryFunction Function)
(subclass TernaryFunction QuaternaryRelation)
(instance TernaryFunction InheritableRelation)
(documentation TernaryFunction "The &%Class of &%Functions that require
exactly three arguments.")

(=>
        (instance ?FUNCTION TernaryFunction)
        (valence ?FUNCTION 3))

(subclass QuaternaryFunction Function)
(subclass QuaternaryFunction QuintaryRelation)
(instance QuaternaryFunction InheritableRelation)
(documentation QuaternaryFunction "The &%Class of &%Functions that require
exactly four arguments.")

(=>
        (instance ?FUNCTION QuaternaryFunction)
        (valence ?FUNCTION 4))

(subclass ContinuousFunction Function)
(documentation ContinuousFunction "&%Functions which are continuous.
This concept is taken as primitive until representations for limits
are devised.")

(subclass BinaryPredicate Predicate)
(subclass BinaryPredicate BinaryRelation)
(instance BinaryPredicate InheritableRelation)
(documentation BinaryPredicate "A &%Predicate relating two items - its
valence is two.")

(=>
        (instance ?REL BinaryPredicate)
        (valence ?REL 2))

(subclass TernaryPredicate Predicate)
(subclass TernaryPredicate TernaryRelation)
(instance TernaryPredicate InheritableRelation)
(documentation TernaryPredicate "The &%Class of &%Predicates that require
exactly three arguments.")

(=>
        (instance ?REL TernaryPredicate)
        (valence ?REL 3))

(subclass QuaternaryPredicate Predicate)
(subclass QuaternaryPredicate QuaternaryRelation)
(instance QuaternaryPredicate InheritableRelation)
(documentation QuaternaryPredicate "The &%Class of &%Predicates that
require four arguments.")

(=>
        (instance ?REL QuaternaryPredicate)
        (valence ?REL 4))

(subclass QuintaryPredicate Predicate)
(subclass QuintaryPredicate QuintaryRelation)
(instance QuintaryPredicate InheritableRelation)
(documentation QuintaryPredicate "The &%Class of &%Predicates that
require five arguments.")

(=>
        (instance ?REL QuintaryPredicate)
        (valence ?REL 5))

(subclass VariableArityRelation Relation)
(documentation VariableArityRelation "The &%Class of &%Relations that
do not have a fixed number of arguments.")

(=>
        (instance ?REL VariableArityRelation)
        (not
           (exists (?INT)
              (valence ?REL ?INT))))

(subclass RelationExtendedToQuantities Relation)
(instance RelationExtendedToQuantities InheritableRelation)
(documentation RelationExtendedToQuantities "A
&%RelationExtendedToQuantities is a &%Relation that, when it is true on
a sequence of arguments that are &%RealNumbers, it is also true on a
sequence of &%ConstantQuantites with those magnitudes in some unit of
measure.  For example, the &%lessThan relation is extended to quantities.
This means that for all pairs of quantities ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2,
(lessThan ?QUANTITY1 ?QUANTITY2) if and only if, for some ?NUMBER1,
?NUMBER2, and ?UNIT, ?QUANTITY1 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT),
?QUANTITY2 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT), and (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2),
for all units ?UNIT on which ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2 can be measured.
Note that, when a &%RelationExtendedToQuantities is extended from
&%RealNumbers to &%ConstantQuantities, the &%ConstantQuantities must be
measured along the same physical dimension.")

(subclass Proposition Abstract)
(documentation Proposition "&%Propositions are &%Abstract entities that
express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts.  As an example,
the formula '(instance Yojo Cat)' expresses the &%Proposition that the
entity named Yojo is an element of the &%Class of Cats.  Note that
propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual
sentences of a &%Language.  They may encompass the content expressed by
theories, books, and even whole libraries.  It is important to distinguish
&%Propositions from the &%ContentBearingObjects that express them.  A
&%Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat,
but a &%ContentBearingObject is an &%Object that represents this information.
A &%Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations:
strings, sounds, icons, etc.  For example, the &%Proposition that the cat is
on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed
on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence
of sounds or by some non-latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form")

(instance closedOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance closedOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain closedOn 1 Function)
(domain closedOn 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation closedOn "A &%BinaryFunction is closed on a &%SetOrClass
if it is defined for all instances of the &%SetOrClass and its value is
always an instance of the &%SetOrClass.")

(=>
   (and
      (closedOn ?FUNCTION ?CLASS)
      (instance ?FUNCTION UnaryFunction))
   (forall (?INST)
      (=>
         (instance ?INST ?CLASS)
         (instance (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST) ?CLASS))))

(=>
   (and
      (closedOn ?FUNCTION ?CLASS)
      (instance ?FUNCTION BinaryFunction))
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?INST1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?INST2 ?CLASS))
         (instance (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?CLASS))))

(instance reflexiveOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance reflexiveOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain reflexiveOn 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain reflexiveOn 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation reflexiveOn "A &%BinaryRelation is reflexive on a
&%SetOrClass only if every instance of the &%SetOrClass bears the relation
to itself.")

(=>
   (reflexiveOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
   (forall (?INST)
      (=>
         (instance ?INST ?CLASS)
         (holds ?RELATION ?INST ?INST))))

(instance irreflexiveOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance irreflexiveOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain irreflexiveOn 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain irreflexiveOn 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation irreflexiveOn "A &%BinaryRelation is irreflexive on a
&%SetOrClass only if no instance of the &%SetOrClass bears the relation to
itself.")

(=>
   (irreflexiveOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
   (forall (?INST)
      (=>
         (instance ?INST ?CLASS)
         (not
            (holds ?RELATION ?INST ?INST)))))

(instance partialOrderingOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance partialOrderingOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain partialOrderingOn 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain partialOrderingOn 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation partialOrderingOn "A &%BinaryRelation is a partial
ordering on a &%SetOrClass only if the relation is &%reflexiveOn the
&%SetOrClass, and it is both an &%AntisymmetricRelation, and a
&%TransitiveRelation.")

(=>
   (partialOrderingOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
   (and
      (reflexiveOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
      (instance ?RELATION TransitiveRelation)
      (instance ?RELATION AntisymmetricRelation)))

(instance totalOrderingOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance totalOrderingOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain totalOrderingOn 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain totalOrderingOn 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation totalOrderingOn "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is a total
ordering on a &%SetOrClass only if it is a partial ordering for which either
(?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) or (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) for every ?INST1 and ?INST2
in the &%SetOrClass.")

(<=>
     (totalOrderingOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
     (and
          (partialOrderingOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
          (trichotomizingOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)))

(instance trichotomizingOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance trichotomizingOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain trichotomizingOn 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain trichotomizingOn 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation trichotomizingOn "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is
trichotomizing on a &%SetOrClass only if, for all instances ?INST1 and ?INST2
of the &%SetOrClass, at least one of the following holds:  (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2),
(?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) or (equal ?INST1 ?INST2).")

(=>
   (trichotomizingOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?INST1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?INST2 ?CLASS))
         (or
            (holds ?RELATION ?INST1 ?INST2)
            (holds ?RELATION ?INST2 ?INST1)
            (equal ?INST1 ?INST2)))))

(instance equivalenceRelationOn BinaryPredicate)
(instance equivalenceRelationOn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain equivalenceRelationOn 1 BinaryRelation)
(domain equivalenceRelationOn 2 SetOrClass)
(documentation equivalenceRelationOn "A &%BinaryRelation is an
&%equivalenceRelationOn a &%SetOrClass only if the relation is &%reflexiveOn
the &%SetOrClass and it is both a &%TransitiveRelation and a
&%SymmetricRelation.")

(=>
   (equivalenceRelationOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
   (and
      (instance ?RELATION TransitiveRelation)
      (instance ?RELATION SymmetricRelation)
      (reflexiveOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)))

(instance distributes BinaryPredicate)
(instance distributes BinaryRelation)
(domain distributes 1 BinaryFunction)
(domain distributes 2 BinaryFunction)
(documentation distributes "A &%BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION1 is
distributive over another &%BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION2 just in case
(?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 (?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to
(?FUNCTION2 (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2) (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3)),
for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.")

(=>
   (distributes ?FUNCTION1 ?FUNCTION2)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2 ?INST3)
      (=>
         (and
            (domain ?FUNCTION1 1 ?CLASS1)
            (instance ?INST1 ?CLASS1)
            (instance ?INST2 ?CLASS1)
            (instance ?INST3 ?CLASS1)
            (domain ?FUNCTION2 1 ?CLASS2)
            (instance ?INST1 ?CLASS2)
            (instance ?INST2 ?CLASS2)
            (instance ?INST3 ?CLASS2))
         (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION1 ?INST1
                        (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3))
                (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION2
                        (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2)
                        (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3))))))

(instance causes BinaryPredicate)
(instance causes AsymmetricRelation)
(domain causes 1 Process)
(domain causes 2 Process)
(relatedInternalConcept causes causesSubclass)
(documentation causes "The causation relation between instances of &%Process.
(&%causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the instance of &%Process ?PROCESS1
brings about the instance of &%Process ?PROCESS2.")

(=>
   (instance ?PROC1 Process)
   (exists (?PROC2)
      (causes ?PROC2 ?PROC1)))

(instance causesSubclass BinaryPredicate)
(instance causesSubclass AsymmetricRelation)
(domainSubclass causesSubclass 1 Process)
(domainSubclass causesSubclass 2 Process)
(documentation causesSubclass "The causation relation between subclasses of &%Process.
(&%causesSubclass ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the subclass of &%Process ?PROCESS1
brings about the subclass of &%Process ?PROCESS2, e.g. (&%causesSubclass &%Killing
&%Death).")

(=>
   (causesSubclass ?PROC1 ?PROC2)
   (forall (?INST2)
      (=>
         (instance ?INST2 ?PROC2)
         (exists (?INST1)
                (and
                   (instance ?INST1 ?PROC1)
                   (causes ?INST1 ?INST2))))))

(instance copy BinaryPredicate)
(instance copy EquivalenceRelation)
(domain copy 1 Object)
(domain copy 2 Object)
(documentation copy "relates an &%Object to an exact copy of the
&%Object, where an exact copy is indistinguishable from the original
with regard to every property except (possibly) spatial and/or temporal
location.")

(=>
   (copy ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
   (forall (?ATTR)
      (=>
         (attribute ?OBJ1 ?ATTR)
         (attribute ?OBJ2 ?ATTR))))

(instance time BinaryPredicate)
(instance time TemporalRelation)
(instance time AsymmetricRelation)
(domain time 1 Physical)
(domain time 2 TimePosition)
(relatedInternalConcept time located)
(relatedInternalConcept time holdsDuring)
(documentation time "This relation holds between an instance of
&%Physical and an instance of &%TimePosition just in case the temporal
lifespan of the former includes the latter.  In other words, (&%time
?THING ?TIME) means that ?THING existed or occurred at ?TIME.  Note
that &%time does for instances of &%Physical what &%holdsDuring does
for instances of &%Formula.  The constants &%located and &%time are
the basic spatial and temporal predicates, respectively.")

(instance holdsDuring BinaryPredicate)
(instance holdsDuring AsymmetricRelation)
(domain holdsDuring 1 TimePosition)
(domain holdsDuring 2 Formula)
(documentation holdsDuring "(&%holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA) means that the
proposition denoted by ?FORMULA is true in the time frame ?TIME.  Note
that this implies that ?FORMULA is true at every &%TimePoint which is a
&%temporalPart of ?TIME.")

(=>
   (and
      (holdsDuring ?TIME ?SITUATION1)
      (entails ?SITUATION1 ?SITUATION2))
   (holdsDuring ?TIME ?SITUATION2))

(=>
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (not ?SITUATION))
   (not (holdsDuring ?TIME ?SITUATION)))

(instance capability TernaryPredicate)
(domainSubclass capability 1 Process)
(domain capability 2 CaseRole)
(domain capability 3 Object)
(documentation capability "(&%capability ?PROCESS ?ROLE ?OBJ) means
that ?OBJ has the ability to play the role of ?ROLE in &%Processes of
type ?PROCESS.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ROLE CaseRole)
      (holds ?ROLE ?ARG1 ?ARG2)
      (instance ?ARG1 ?PROC)
      (subclass ?PROC Process))
   (capability ?PROC ?ROLE ?ARG2))

(instance exploits BinaryPredicate)
(instance exploits AsymmetricRelation)
(domain exploits 1 Object)
(domain exploits 2 Agent)
(documentation exploits "(&%exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT) means that ?OBJ is used
by ?AGENT as a &%resource in an unspecified instance of &%Process.  This
&%Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the
relations &%agent and &%resource.")

(=>
     (exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT)
     (exists (?PROCESS)
          (and
               (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT)
               (resource ?PROCESS ?OBJ))))

(instance hasPurpose BinaryPredicate)
(instance hasPurpose AsymmetricRelation)
(domain hasPurpose 1 Physical)
(domain hasPurpose 2 Formula)
(documentation hasPurpose "This &%Predicate expresses the concept of a
conventional goal, i.e. a goal with a neutralized agent's intention.
Accordingly, (&%hasPurpose ?THING ?FORMULA) means that the instance of
&%Physical ?THING has, as its purpose, the &%Proposition expressed by
?FORMULA.  Note that there is an important difference in meaning between
the &%Predicates &%hasPurpose and &%result.  Although the second argument
of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former,
a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result
may be neither expected nor desired.  For example, a machine process may
have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no
goal; a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on.")

(instance hasPurposeForAgent TernaryPredicate)
(domain hasPurposeForAgent 1 Physical)
(domain hasPurposeForAgent 2 Formula)
(domain hasPurposeForAgent 3 CognitiveAgent)
(documentation hasPurposeForAgent "Expresses a cognitive attitude of an
agent with respect to a particular instance of Physical.  More precisely,
(&%hasPurposeForAgent ?THING ?FORMULA ?AGENT) means that the purpose of
?THING for ?AGENT is the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA.  Very complex
issues are involved here.  In particular, the rules of inference of the
first order predicate calculus are not truth-preserving for the second
argument position of this &%Predicate.")

(=>
   (hasPurpose ?THING ?PURPOSE)
   (exists (?AGENT)
      (hasPurposeForAgent ?THING ?PURPOSE ?AGENT)))

(instance hasSkill BinaryPredicate)
(instance hasSkill AsymmetricRelation)
(domainSubclass hasSkill 1 Process)
(domain hasSkill 2 Agent)
(documentation hasSkill "Similar to the &%capability &%Predicate
with the additional restriction that the ability be practised/
demonstrated to some measurable degree.")

(=>
   (hasSkill ?PROC ?AGENT)
   (capability ?PROC agent ?AGENT))

(instance confersNorm TernaryPredicate)
(domain confersNorm 1 Entity)
(domain confersNorm 2 Formula)
(domain confersNorm 3 ObjectiveNorm)
(documentation confersNorm "Expresses the relationship between a &%Formula,
an &%Entity, and an &%ObjectiveNorm when the &%Entity brings it about that
the &%Formula has the &%ObjectiveNorm.")

(=>
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (confersNorm ?ENTITY ?FORMULA ?NORM))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn ?TIME) (not (modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?NORM)))
      (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn ?TIME) (modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?NORM))))

(instance deprivesNorm TernaryPredicate)
(disjointRelation deprivesNorm confersNorm)
(domain deprivesNorm 1 Entity)
(domain deprivesNorm 2 Formula)
(domain deprivesNorm 3 ObjectiveNorm)
(documentation deprivesNorm "Expresses the relationship between an
&%Entity, a &%Formula, and an &%ObjectiveNorm when the &%Entity
brings it about that the &%Formula does not have the &%ObjectiveNorm.")

(=>
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (deprivesNorm ?ENTITY ?FORMULA ?NORM))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn ?TIME) (modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?NORM))
      (holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn ?TIME) (not (modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?NORM)))))

(instance partlyLocated SpatialRelation)
(instance partlyLocated AntisymmetricRelation)
(instance partlyLocated BinaryPredicate)
(domain partlyLocated 1 Physical)
(domain partlyLocated 2 Object)
(documentation partlyLocated "(&%partlyLocated ?THING ?OBJ) means that the
instance of &%Physical ?THING is at least partially located at ?OBJ.  For
example, Istanbul is partly located in &%Asia and partly located in &%Europe.
Note that &%partlyLocated is the most basic localization relation:  &%located
is an immediate &%subrelation of &%partlyLocated and &%exactlyLocated is
an immediate &%subrelation of &%located.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?OBJ1 Object)
      (partlyLocated ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
   (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?OBJ1 Object)
      (partlyLocated ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
   (exists (?SUB)
      (and
         (part ?SUB ?OBJ1)
         (located ?SUB ?OBJ2))))

(instance located AntisymmetricRelation)
(instance located TransitiveRelation)
(subrelation located partlyLocated)
(documentation located "(&%located ?PHYS ?OBJ) means that ?PHYS is &%partlyLocated
at ?OBJ, and there is no &%part or &%subProcess of ?PHYS that is not &%located at
?OBJ.")

(=>
   (located ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
   (forall (?SUB)
      (=>
         (part ?SUB ?OBJ1)
         (located ?SUB ?OBJ2))))

(=>
   (located ?PROCESS ?OBJ)
   (forall (?SUB)
      (=>
         (subProcess ?SUB ?PROCESS)
         (located ?SUB ?OBJ))))

(subrelation exactlyLocated located)
(documentation exactlyLocated "The actual, minimal location of an
Object.  This is a subrelation of the more general &%Predicate
&%located.")

(=>
   (exactlyLocated ?OBJ ?REGION)
   (not
      (exists (?OTHEROBJ)
         (and
            (exactlyLocated ?OTHEROBJ ?REGION)
            (not
               (equal ?OTHEROBJ ?OBJ))))))

(instance between SpatialRelation)
(instance between TernaryPredicate)
(domain between 1 Object)
(domain between 2 Object)
(domain between 3 Object)
(documentation between "(between ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that ?OBJ2 is
spatially located between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3.  Note that this implies that
?OBJ2 is directly between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3, i.e. the projections of ?OBJ1
and ?OBJ3 overlap with ?OBJ2.")

(instance traverses BinaryPredicate)
(instance traverses SpatialRelation)
(domain traverses 1 Object)
(domain traverses 2 Object)
(documentation traverses "(&%traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1
crosses or extends across ?OBJ2.  Note that &%crosses and
&%penetrates are subrelations of &%traverses.")

(=>
   (traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
   (or
      (crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(subrelation crosses traverses)
(instance crosses AsymmetricRelation)
(instance crosses TransitiveRelation)
(disjointRelation crosses connected)
(documentation crosses "(crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that
&%Object ?OBJ1 &%traverses Object ?OBJ2, without being &%connected
to it.")

(subrelation penetrates traverses)
(subrelation penetrates meetsSpatially)
(instance penetrates AsymmetricRelation)
(instance penetrates IntransitiveRelation)
(documentation penetrates "(penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that
?OBJ1 is &%connected to ?OBJ2 along at least one whole dimension (length,
width or depth).")

(instance WhereFn BinaryFunction)
(instance WhereFn SpatialRelation)
(instance WhereFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain WhereFn 1 Physical)
(domain WhereFn 2 TimePoint)
(range WhereFn Region)
(relatedInternalConcept WhereFn WhenFn)
(documentation WhereFn "Maps an &%Object and a &%TimePoint at which the
&%Object exists to the &%Region where the &%Object existed at that
&%TimePoint.")

(<=>
   (equal (WhereFn ?THING ?TIME) ?REGION)
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (exactlyLocated ?THING ?REGION)))

(instance possesses BinaryPredicate)
(instance possesses AsymmetricRelation)
(domain possesses 1 Agent)
(domain possesses 2 Object)
(documentation possesses "&%Relation that holds between an &%Agent and
an &%Object when the &%Agent has ownership of the &%Object.")

(=>
   (possesses ?PERSON ?OBJ)
   (modalAttribute (uses ?OBJ ?PERSON) Permission))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TIME TimePosition)
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (possesses ?AGENT1 ?OBJ))
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (possesses ?AGENT2 ?OBJ)))
   (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2))

(instance PropertyFn UnaryFunction)
(instance PropertyFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain PropertyFn 1 Agent)
(range PropertyFn Set)
(documentation PropertyFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Agent to the
&%Set of &%Objects owned by the &%Agent.")

(<=>
   (instance ?OBJ (PropertyFn ?PERSON))
   (possesses ?PERSON ?OBJ))

(instance precondition BinaryPredicate)
(instance precondition AsymmetricRelation)
(instance precondition TransitiveRelation)
(domainSubclass precondition 1 Process)
(domainSubclass precondition 2 Process)
(documentation precondition "A very general &%Predicate.  (&%precondition
?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that an instance of ?PROC2 can exist only if an
instance of ?PROC1 also exists.")

(=>
   (precondition ?PROC1 ?PROC2)
   (=>
      (exists (?INST2) (instance ?INST2 ?PROC2))
      (exists (?INST1) (instance ?INST1 ?PROC1))))

(instance inhibits BinaryPredicate)
(instance inhibits IrreflexiveRelation)
(domainSubclass inhibits 1 Process)
(domainSubclass inhibits 2 Process)
(documentation inhibits "A very general &%Predicate.  (&%inhibits
?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that the &%Process ?PROC1 inhibits or hinders
the occurrence of the &%Process ?PROC2.  For example, obstructing an
object inhibits moving it.  Note that this is a relation between types
of &%Processes, not between instances.")

(=>
   (inhibits ?PROC1 ?PROC2)
   (forall (?TIME ?PLACE)
      (decreasesLikelihood
                (holdsDuring ?TIME (exists (?INST1) (and (instance ?INST1 ?PROC1) (located ?INST1 ?PLACE))))
            (holdsDuring ?TIME (exists (?INST2) (and (instance ?INST2 ?PROC2) (located ?INST2 ?PLACE)))))))

(instance prevents BinaryPredicate)
(instance prevents IrreflexiveRelation)
(domainSubclass prevents 1 Process)
(domainSubclass prevents 2 Process)
(relatedInternalConcept prevents inhibits)
(documentation prevents "A very general &%Predicate.  (&%prevents ?PROC1
?PROC2) means that ?PROC1 prevents the occurrence of ?PROC2.  In other
words, if ?PROC1 is occurring in a particular time and place, ?PROC2
cannot occur at the same time and place.  For example, innoculating
prevents contracting disease.  Note that this is a relation between types
of &%Processes, not between instances.")

(=>
   (prevents ?PROC1 ?PROC2)
   (forall (?TIME ?PLACE)
      (=>
         (holdsDuring ?TIME (exists (?INST1) (and (instance ?INST1 ?PROC1) (located ?INST1 ?PLACE))))
         (not (holdsDuring ?TIME (exists (?INST2) (and (instance ?INST2 ?PROC2) (located ?INST2 ?PLACE))))))))

(instance refers BinaryPredicate)
(domain refers 1 Entity)
(domain refers 2 Entity)
(documentation refers "(&%refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1
mentions or includes a reference to ?OBJ2. Note that &%refers is
more general in meaning than &%represents, because presumably something
can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing.
For example, an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of
oil may refer to many other things, e.g. the general state of the economy,
the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options
for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies,
etc.")

(subrelation names refers)
(domain names 1 SymbolicString)
(documentation names "(&%names ?STRING ?ENTITY) means that the thing ?ENTITY
has the &%SymbolicString ?STRING as its name.  Note that &%names and &%represents
are the two immediate &%subrelations of &%refers.  The predicate &%names is used
when the referring item is merely a tag without connotative content, while the
predicate &%represents is used for referring items that have such content.")

(subrelation uniqueIdentifier names)
(instance uniqueIdentifier SingleValuedRelation)
(documentation uniqueIdentifier "The class of &%names that uniquely identify
an instance of &%Entity.  Some examples of &%uniqueIdentifiers are the keys
of tables in database applications and the ISBN (International Standard Book
Number).")

(subrelation represents refers)
(documentation represents "A very general semiotics &%Predicate.
(&%represents ?THING ?ENTITY) means that ?THING in some way indicates,
expresses, connotes, pictures, describes, etc. ?ENTITY.  The &%Predicates
&%containsInformation and &%realization are subrelations of &%represents.
Note that &%represents is a subrelation of &%refers, since something can
represent something else only if it refers to this other thing.  See the
documentation string for &%names.")

(instance representsForAgent TernaryPredicate)
(domain representsForAgent 1 Entity)
(domain representsForAgent 2 Entity)
(domain representsForAgent 3 Agent)
(documentation representsForAgent "A very general predicate.
(&%representsForAgent ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2 ?AGENT) means that the ?AGENT
chooses to use ?ENTITY1 to 'stand for' ?ENTITY2.")

(=>
   (representsForAgent ?REP ?ENTITY ?AGENT)
   (represents ?REP ?ENTITY))

(instance representsInLanguage TernaryPredicate)
(domain representsInLanguage 1 LinguisticExpression)
(domain representsInLanguage 2 Entity)
(domain representsInLanguage 3 Language)
(documentation representsInLanguage "A very general predicate.
(&%representsInLanguage ?THING ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE) means that the
&%LinguisticExpression ?THING stands for ?ENTITY in the &%Language
?LANGUAGE.")

(=>
   (representsInLanguage ?REP ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE)
   (exists (?AGENT)
      (representsForAgent ?REP ?ENTITY ?AGENT)))

(subrelation equivalentContentClass subsumesContentClass)
(instance equivalentContentClass EquivalenceRelation)
(domainSubclass equivalentContentClass 1 ContentBearingObject)
(domainSubclass equivalentContentClass 2 ContentBearingObject)
(documentation equivalentContentClass "A &%BinaryPredicate that relates two
subclasses of &%ContentBearingObject.  (&%equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1
?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1 is
also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2, and vice versa.  An example
would be the relationship between English and Russian editions of Agatha
Christie's 'Murder on the Orient Express'.  Note that
(&%equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) implies (&%subsumesContentClass
?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) and (&%subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1).")

(<=>
   (and
      (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
      (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1))
   (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))

(instance subsumesContentClass BinaryPredicate)
(instance subsumesContentClass PartialOrderingRelation)
(domainSubclass subsumesContentClass 1 ContentBearingObject)
(domainSubclass subsumesContentClass 2 ContentBearingObject)
(documentation subsumesContentClass "A &%BinaryPredicate that relates two
subclasses of &%ContentBearingObject.  (&%subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1
?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2 is
also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1.  Examples include the
relationship between a poem and one of its stanzas or between a book and
one of its chapters.  Note that this is a relation between subclasses of
&%ContentBearingObject, rather than instances.  If one wants to relate
instances, the &%Predicate &%subsumesContentInstance can be used.  Note
that &%subsumesContentClass is needed in many cases.  Consider, for
example, the relation between the King James edition of the Bible and its
Book of Genesis.  This relation holds for every copy of this edition and
not just for a single instance.")

(=>
   (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
   (forall (?OBJ2 ?INFO)
      (=>
         (and
              (instance ?OBJ2 ?CLASS2)
            (containsInformation ?OBJ2 ?INFO))
         (exists (?OBJ1)
            (and
               (instance ?OBJ1 ?CLASS1)
               (containsInformation ?OBJ1 ?INFO))))))

(subrelation equivalentContentInstance subsumesContentInstance)
(instance equivalentContentInstance EquivalenceRelation)
(domain equivalentContentInstance 1 ContentBearingObject)
(domain equivalentContentInstance 2 ContentBearingObject)
(relatedInternalConcept equivalentContentInstance equivalentContentClass)
(documentation equivalentContentInstance "A &%BinaryPredicate relating two
instances of &%ContentBearingObject.  (&%equivalentContentInstance
?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ1 is identical to
the content expressed by ?OBJ2.  An example would be the relationship
between a handwritten draft of a letter to one's lawyer and a typed
copy of the same letter.  Note that (&%equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1
?OBJ2) implies (&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and
(&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ2).")

(<=>
   (and
      (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))
   (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))

(instance subsumesContentInstance BinaryPredicate)
(instance subsumesContentInstance PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subsumesContentInstance 1 ContentBearingObject)
(domain subsumesContentInstance 2 ContentBearingObject)
(relatedInternalConcept subsumesContentInstance subsumesContentClass)
(documentation subsumesContentInstance "A &%BinaryPredicate relating two
instances of &%ContentBearingObject.  (&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
means that the content expressed by ?OBJ2 is part of the content expressed
by ?OBJ1.  An example is the relationship between a handwritten poem and
one of its stanzas.  Note that this is a relation between instances,
rather than &%Classes.  If one wants to assert a content relationship
between &%Classes, e.g. between the version of an intellectual work and a
part of that work, the relation &%subsumesContentClass should be used.")

(=>
   (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
   (forall (?INFO)
      (=>
         (containsInformation ?OBJ2 ?INFO)
         (containsInformation ?OBJ1 ?INFO))))

(subrelation realization represents)
(instance realization AsymmetricRelation)
(domain realization 1 Process)
(domain realization 2 Proposition)
(relatedInternalConcept realization equivalentContentInstance)
(relatedInternalConcept realization containsInformation)
(documentation realization "A subrelation of &%represents.
(&%realization ?PROCESS ?PROP) means that ?PROCESS is a Process which
expresses the content of ?PROP. Examples include a particular musical
performance, which realizes the content of a musical score, or the
reading of a poem.")

(=>
   (realization ?PROCESS ?PROP)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ ContentBearingObject)
         (containsInformation ?OBJ ?PROP))))

(instance expressedInLanguage BinaryPredicate)
(instance expressedInLanguage AsymmetricRelation)
(domain expressedInLanguage 1 LinguisticExpression)
(domain expressedInLanguage 2 Language)
(documentation expressedInLanguage "(&%expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANG)
means that the &%LinguisticExpression ?EXPRESS is part of the &%Language
?LANG.")

(<=>
        (expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANGUAGE)
        (exists (?PROP)
                (representsInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?PROP ?LANGUAGE)))

(instance subProposition BinaryPredicate)
(instance subProposition TransitiveRelation)
(instance subProposition IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain subProposition 1 Proposition)
(domain subProposition 2 Proposition)
(documentation subProposition "(&%subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that
?PROP1 is a &%Proposition which is a proper part of the &%Proposition ?PROP2.
In other words, &%subProposition is the analogue of &%properPart for chunks
of abstract content.")

(=>
   (subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2)
   (forall (?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (=>
         (and
            (containsInformation ?OBJ1 ?PROP1)
            (containsInformation ?OBJ2 ?PROP2))
         (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))))

(subrelation subPlan subProposition)
(instance subPlan TransitiveRelation)
(instance subPlan IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain subPlan 1 Plan)
(domain subPlan 2 Plan)
(documentation subPlan "(&%subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) means that ?PLAN1
is a &%Plan which is a proper part of ?PLAN2.  This relation is generally
used to relate a supporting &%Plan to the overall &%Plan in a particular
context.")

(instance uses BinaryPredicate)
(instance uses AsymmetricRelation)
(domain uses 1 Object)
(domain uses 2 Agent)
(documentation uses "(&%uses ?OBJECT AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by
?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified &%Process.  This &%Predicate,
as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the &%CaseRoles
&%agent and &%instrument.")

(=>
     (uses ?OBJ ?AGENT)
     (exists (?PROC)
          (and
               (agent ?PROC ?AGENT)
               (instrument ?PROC ?OBJ))))

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;  NUMERIC FUNCTIONS   ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'STRUCTURAL ONTOLOGY'
;; INCLUDES 'BASE ONTOLOGY'

(instance MultiplicationFn BinaryFunction)
(instance MultiplicationFn AssociativeFunction)
(instance MultiplicationFn CommutativeFunction)
(instance MultiplicationFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance MultiplicationFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain MultiplicationFn 1 Quantity)
(domain MultiplicationFn 2 Quantity)
(range MultiplicationFn Quantity)
(documentation MultiplicationFn "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers,
then (&%MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical product
of these numbers.")

(instance AdditionFn BinaryFunction)
(instance AdditionFn AssociativeFunction)
(instance AdditionFn CommutativeFunction)
(instance AdditionFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance AdditionFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain AdditionFn 1 Quantity)
(domain AdditionFn 2 Quantity)
(range AdditionFn Quantity)
(documentation AdditionFn "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then
(&%AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical sum of these
numbers.")

(equal (SuccessorFn ?NUMBER) (AdditionFn ?NUMBER 1))

(instance SubtractionFn BinaryFunction)
(instance SubtractionFn AssociativeFunction)
(instance SubtractionFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance SubtractionFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain SubtractionFn 1 Quantity)
(domain SubtractionFn 2 Quantity)
(range SubtractionFn Quantity)
(documentation SubtractionFn "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers,
then (&%SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical difference
between ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 minus ?NUMBER2.  An
exception occurs when ?NUMBER1 is equal to 0, in which case
(&%SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the negation of ?NUMBER2.")

(equal (PredecessorFn ?NUMBER) (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER 1))

(instance DivisionFn BinaryFunction)
(instance DivisionFn AssociativeFunction)
(instance DivisionFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance DivisionFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain DivisionFn 1 Quantity)
(domain DivisionFn 2 Quantity)
(range DivisionFn Quantity)
(documentation DivisionFn "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then
(&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the result of dividing ?NUMBER1 by
?NUMBER2.  Note that when ?NUMBER1 = 1 (&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
is the reciprocal of ?NUMBER2.  Note too that (&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1
?NUMBER2) is undefined when ?NUMBER2 = 0.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RationalNumber)
   (exists (?INT1 ?INT2)
      (and
         (instance ?INT1 Integer)
         (instance ?INT2 Integer)
         (equal ?NUMBER (DivisionFn ?INT1 ?INT2)))))

(instance AbsoluteValueFn UnaryFunction)
(instance AbsoluteValueFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain AbsoluteValueFn 1 RealNumber)
(range AbsoluteValueFn NonnegativeRealNumber)
(documentation AbsoluteValueFn "The value of (&%AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER)
is the absolute value of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.")

(<=>
     (and
         (equal (AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER1) ?NUMBER2)
         (instance ?NUMBER1 RealNumber)
         (instance ?NUMBER2 RealNumber))
     (or
         (and
              (instance ?NUMBER1 NonnegativeRealNumber)
              (equal ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))
         (and
              (instance ?NUMBER1 NegativeRealNumber)
              (equal ?NUMBER2 (SubtractionFn 0 ?NUMBER1)))))

(instance CeilingFn UnaryFunction)
(instance CeilingFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain CeilingFn 1 RealNumber)
(range CeilingFn Integer)
(documentation CeilingFn "(&%CeilingFn ?NUMBER) returns the smallest
&%Integer greater than or equal to the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.")

(=>
   (equal (CeilingFn ?NUMBER) ?INT)
   (not
      (exists (?OTHERINT)
         (and
            (instance ?OTHERINT Integer)
            (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?OTHERINT ?NUMBER)
            (lessThan ?OTHERINT ?INT)))))

(instance CosineFn UnaryFunction)
(instance CosineFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain CosineFn 1 PlaneAngleMeasure)
(range CosineFn RealNumber)
(documentation CosineFn "(&%CosineFn ?DEGREE) returns the cosine of the
&%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE.  The cosine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the
side next to ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle.")

(instance DenominatorFn UnaryFunction)
(instance DenominatorFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain DenominatorFn 1 RealNumber)
(range DenominatorFn Integer)
(documentation DenominatorFn "(&%DenominatorFn ?NUMBER) returns the
denominator of the canonical reduced form of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.")

(instance ExponentiationFn BinaryFunction)
(instance ExponentiationFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance ExponentiationFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain ExponentiationFn 1 Quantity)
(domain ExponentiationFn 2 Integer)
(range ExponentiationFn Quantity)
(documentation ExponentiationFn "(&%ExponentiationFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns
the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER raised to the power of the &%Integer ?INT.")

(instance FloorFn UnaryFunction)
(instance FloorFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain FloorFn 1 RealNumber)
(range FloorFn Integer)
(documentation FloorFn "(&%FloorFn ?NUMBER) returns the largest &%Integer
less than or equal to the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.")

(=>
   (equal (FloorFn ?NUMBER) ?INT)
   (not
      (exists (?OTHERINT)
         (and
            (instance ?OTHERINT Integer)
            (lessThanOrEqualTo ?OTHERINT ?NUMBER)
            (greaterThan ?OTHERINT ?INT)))))

(instance GreatestCommonDivisorFn Function)
(instance GreatestCommonDivisorFn VariableArityRelation)
(instance GreatestCommonDivisorFn PartialValuedRelation)
(range GreatestCommonDivisorFn Integer)
(documentation GreatestCommonDivisorFn "(&%GreatestCommonDivisorFn
?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the greatest common divisor of
?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER.")

(=>
   (equal (GreatestCommonDivisorFn @ROW) ?NUMBER)
   (forall (?ELEMENT)
      (=>
         (inList ?ELEMENT (ListFn @ROW))
         (equal (RemainderFn ?ELEMENT ?NUMBER) 0))))

(=>
   (equal (GreatestCommonDivisorFn @ROW) ?NUMBER)
   (not (exists (?GREATER)
      (and
         (greaterThan ?GREATER ?NUMBER)
         (forall (?ELEMENT)
            (=>
               (inList ?ELEMENT (ListFn @ROW))
               (equal (RemainderFn ?ELEMENT ?GREATER) 0)))))))

(instance ImaginaryPartFn UnaryFunction)
(instance ImaginaryPartFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain ImaginaryPartFn 1 ComplexNumber)
(range ImaginaryPartFn ImaginaryNumber)
(documentation ImaginaryPartFn "(&%ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER) returns
the part of ?NUMBER that has the square root of -1 as its factor.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER ComplexNumber)
   (exists (?PART1 ?PART2)
      (and
         (equal ?PART1 (RealNumberFn ?NUMBER))
         (equal ?PART2 (ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER)))))

(instance IntegerSquareRootFn UnaryFunction)
(instance IntegerSquareRootFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain IntegerSquareRootFn 1 RealNumber)
(range IntegerSquareRootFn NonnegativeInteger)
(documentation IntegerSquareRootFn "(&%IntegerSquareRootFn ?NUMBER)
returns the integer square root of ?NUMBER.")

(instance LeastCommonMultipleFn Function)
(instance LeastCommonMultipleFn PartialValuedRelation)
(instance LeastCommonMultipleFn VariableArityRelation)
(range LeastCommonMultipleFn Integer)
(documentation LeastCommonMultipleFn "(&%LeastCommonMultipleFn
?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the least common multiple of
?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER.")

(=>
   (equal (LeastCommonMultipleFn @ROW) ?NUMBER)
   (forall (?ELEMENT)
      (=>
         (inList ?ELEMENT (ListFn @ROW))
         (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER ?ELEMENT) 0))))

(=>
   (equal (LeastCommonMultipleFn @ROW) ?NUMBER)
   (not (exists (?LESS)
      (and
         (lessThan ?LESS ?NUMBER)
         (forall (?ELEMENT)
            (=>
               (inList ?ELEMENT (ListFn @ROW))
               (equal (RemainderFn ?LESS ?ELEMENT) 0)))))))

(instance LogFn BinaryFunction)
(domain LogFn 1 RealNumber)
(domain LogFn 2 PositiveInteger)
(range LogFn RealNumber)
(documentation LogFn "(LogFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns the logarithm of the
&%RealNumber ?NUMBER in the base denoted by the &%Integer ?INT.")

(instance MaxFn BinaryFunction)
(instance MaxFn AssociativeFunction)
(instance MaxFn CommutativeFunction)
(instance MaxFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance MaxFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain MaxFn 1 Quantity)
(domain MaxFn 2 Quantity)
(range MaxFn Quantity)
(documentation MaxFn "(&%MaxFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the largest of
?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2.  In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2,
&%MaxFn returns one of its arguments.")

(=>
   (equal (MaxFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) ?NUMBER)
   (or
      (and
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER1)
         (greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))
      (and
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER2)
         (greaterThan ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))
      (and
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER1)
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER2))))

(instance MinFn BinaryFunction)
(instance MinFn AssociativeFunction)
(instance MinFn CommutativeFunction)
(instance MinFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance MinFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain MinFn 1 Quantity)
(domain MinFn 2 Quantity)
(range MinFn Quantity)
(documentation MinFn "(&%MinFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the smallest of
?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2.  In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2,
&%MinFn returns one of its arguments.")

(=>
   (equal (MinFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) ?NUMBER)
   (or
      (and
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER1)
         (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))
      (and
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER2)
         (lessThan ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))
      (and
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER1)
         (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER2))))

(instance NumeratorFn UnaryFunction)
(instance NumeratorFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain NumeratorFn 1 RealNumber)
(range NumeratorFn Integer)
(documentation NumeratorFn "(&%NumeratorFn ?NUMBER) returns the numerator
of the canonical reduced form ?NUMBER.")

(instance Pi PositiveRealNumber)
(documentation Pi "&%Pi is the &%RealNumber that
is the ratio of the perimeter of a circle to its diameter.  It is
approximately equal to 3.141592653589793.")

(instance NumberE PositiveRealNumber)
(documentation NumberE "&%NumberE is the &%RealNumber that is the base for
natural logarithms.  It is approximately equal to 2.718282.")

(instance RationalNumberFn UnaryFunction)
(domain RationalNumberFn 1 Number)
(range RationalNumberFn RationalNumber)
(documentation RationalNumberFn "(&%RationalNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns
the rational representation of ?NUMBER.")

(instance RealNumberFn UnaryFunction)
(domain RealNumberFn 1 Number)
(range RealNumberFn RealNumber)
(documentation RealNumberFn "(RealNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of
?NUMBER that is a &%RealNumber.")

(instance ReciprocalFn UnaryFunction)
(instance ReciprocalFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance ReciprocalFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain ReciprocalFn 1 Quantity)
(range ReciprocalFn Quantity)
(documentation ReciprocalFn "(ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER) is the reciprocal
element of ?NUMBER with respect to the multiplication operator
(&%MultiplicationFn), i.e. 1/?NUMBER.  Not all numbers have a reciprocal
element.  For example the number 0 does not.  If a number ?NUMBER has a
reciprocal ?RECIP, then the product of ?NUMBER and ?RECIP will be
1, e.g. 3*1/3 = 1.  The reciprocal of an element is &%equal to
applying the &%ExponentiationFn function to the element to the power
-1.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER Quantity)
   (equal (ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER) (ExponentiationFn ?NUMBER -1)))

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER Quantity)
   (equal 1 (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER (ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER))))

(instance RemainderFn BinaryFunction)
(instance RemainderFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance RemainderFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain RemainderFn 1 Quantity)
(domain RemainderFn 2 Quantity)
(range RemainderFn Quantity)
(documentation RemainderFn "(RemainderFn ?NUMBER ?DIVISOR) is the
remainder of the number ?NUMBER divided by the number ?DIVISOR.
The result has the same sign as ?DIVISOR.")

(<=>
   (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) ?NUMBER)
   (equal (AdditionFn (MultiplicationFn (FloorFn (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)) ?NUMBER2) ?NUMBER) ?NUMBER1))

(=>
   (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) ?NUMBER)
   (equal (SignumFn ?NUMBER2) (SignumFn ?NUMBER)))


(=>
        (instance ?NUMBER EvenInteger)
        (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER 2) 0))

(=>
        (instance ?NUMBER OddInteger)
        (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER 2) 1))

(=>
   (instance ?PRIME PrimeNumber)
   (forall (?NUMBER)
      (=>
         (equal (RemainderFn ?PRIME ?NUMBER) 0)
         (or
            (equal ?NUMBER 1)
            (equal ?NUMBER ?PRIME)))))

(instance RoundFn UnaryFunction)
(instance RoundFn RelationExtendedToQuantities)
(instance RoundFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain RoundFn 1 Quantity)
(range RoundFn Quantity)
(documentation RoundFn "(&%RoundFn ?NUMBER) is the &%Integer closest
to ?NUMBER on the number line.  If ?NUMBER is halfway between two
&%Integers (for example 3.5), it denotes the larger &%Integer.")

(=>
   (equal (RoundFn ?NUMBER1) ?NUMBER2)
   (or
      (=>
         (lessThan (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 (FloorFn ?NUMBER1)) 0.5)
         (equal ?NUMBER2 (FloorFn ?NUMBER1)))
      (=>
         (greaterThanOrEqualTo (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 (FloorFn ?NUMBER1)) 0.5)
         (equal ?NUMBER2 (CeilingFn ?NUMBER1)))))

(instance SignumFn UnaryFunction)
(instance SignumFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain SignumFn 1 RealNumber)
(range SignumFn Integer)
(documentation SignumFn "(SignumFn ?NUMBER) denotes the sign of ?NUMBER.
This is one of the following values:  -1, 1, or 0.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER NonnegativeRealNumber)
   (or
      (equal (SignumFn ?NUMBER) 1)
      (equal (SignumFn ?NUMBER) 0)))

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER PositiveRealNumber)
   (equal (SignumFn ?NUMBER) 1))

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER NegativeRealNumber)
   (equal (SignumFn ?NUMBER) -1))

(instance SineFn UnaryFunction)
(instance SineFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain SineFn 1 PlaneAngleMeasure)
(range SineFn RealNumber)
(documentation SineFn "(&%SineFn ?DEGREE) is the sine of the
&%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE.  The sine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side
opposite ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle.")

(instance SquareRootFn UnaryFunction)
(domain SquareRootFn 1 RealNumber)
(range SquareRootFn Number)
(documentation SquareRootFn "(SquareRootFn ?NUMBER) is the principal
square root of ?NUMBER.")

(=>
   (equal (SquareRootFn ?NUMBER1) ?NUMBER2)
   (equal (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER2) ?NUMBER1))

(instance TangentFn UnaryFunction)
(instance TangentFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain TangentFn 1 PlaneAngleMeasure)
(range TangentFn RealNumber)
(documentation TangentFn "(&%TangentFn ?DEGREE) is the tangent of the
&%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE.  The tangent of ?DEGREE is the ratio of
the side opposite ?DEGREE to the side next to ?DEGREE in a right-angled
triangle.")

(=>
   (instance ?DEGREE PlaneAngleMeasure)
   (equal (TangentFn ?DEGREE) (DivisionFn (SineFn ?DEGREE) (CosineFn ?DEGREE))))

(instance identityElement BinaryPredicate)
(instance identityElement AsymmetricRelation)
(domain identityElement 1 BinaryFunction)
(domain identityElement 2 Entity)
(documentation identityElement "An object ?ID is the identity element
for BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION just in case, for every instance ?INST,
applying ?FUNCTION to ?INST and ?ID results in ?INST.")

(=>
   (identityElement ?FUNCTION ?ID)
   (forall (?INST)
      (=>
         (and
            (domain ?FUNCTION 1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?INST ?CLASS))
         (equal (AssignmentFn ?FUNCTION ?ID ?INST) ?INST))))

(identityElement MultiplicationFn 1)
(identityElement AdditionFn 0)
(identityElement SubtractionFn 0)
(identityElement DivisionFn 1)

(instance SuccessorFn UnaryFunction)
(instance SuccessorFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain SuccessorFn 1 Integer)
(range SuccessorFn Integer)
(documentation SuccessorFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Integer to
its successor, e.g. the successor of 5 is 6.")

(=>
   (equal (SuccessorFn ?INT1) (SuccessorFn ?INT2))
   (equal ?INT1 ?INT2))

(=>
   (instance ?INT Integer)
   (lessThan ?INT (SuccessorFn ?INT)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?INT1 Integer)
      (instance ?INT2 Integer))
   (not
      (and
         (lessThan ?INT1 ?INT2)
         (lessThan ?INT2 (SuccessorFn ?INT1)))))

(=>
   (instance ?INT Integer)
   (equal ?INT (SuccessorFn (PredecessorFn ?INT))))

(=>
   (instance ?INT Integer)
   (equal ?INT (PredecessorFn (SuccessorFn ?INT))))

(instance PredecessorFn UnaryFunction)
(instance PredecessorFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain PredecessorFn 1 Integer)
(range PredecessorFn Integer)
(documentation PredecessorFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Integer to
its predecessor, e.g. the predecessor of 5 is 4.")

(=>
   (equal (PredecessorFn ?INT1) (PredecessorFn ?INT2))
   (equal ?INT1 ?INT2))

(=>
   (instance ?INT Integer)
   (greaterThan ?INT (PredecessorFn ?INT)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?INT1 Integer)
      (instance ?INT2 Integer))
   (not
      (and
         (lessThan ?INT2 ?INT1)
         (lessThan (PredecessorFn ?INT1) ?INT2))))

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;     SET/CLASS THEORY      ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'STRUCTURAL ONTOLOGY'
;; INCLUDES 'BASE ONTOLOGY'

;; The following part of the ontology covers set-theoretic predicates
;; and functions.  Most of the content here is taken from the kif-sets
;; ontology (available on the Ontolingua server).

(subrelation subset subclass)
(domain subset 1 Set)
(domain subset 2 Set)
(documentation subset "(subset ?SET1 ?SET2) is true just in case the
&%elements of the &%Set ?SET1 are also &%elements of the &%Set ?SET2.")

(=>
   (subset ?SUBSET ?SET)
   (forall (?ELEMENT)
      (=>
         (element ?ELEMENT ?SUBSET)
         (element ?ELEMENT ?SET))))

(instance element BinaryPredicate)
(instance element AsymmetricRelation)
(instance element IntransitiveRelation)
(subrelation element instance)
(domain element 1 Entity)
(domain element 2 Set)
(documentation element "(element ?ENTITY ?SET) is true just in case
?ENTITY is contained in the &%Set ?SET.  An &%Entity can be an &%element
of another &%Entity only if the latter is a &%Set.")

(=>
   (forall (?ELEMENT)
         (<=>
            (element ?ELEMENT ?SET1)
            (element ?ELEMENT ?SET2)))
   (equal ?SET1 ?SET2))

(instance UnionFn BinaryFunction)
(instance UnionFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain UnionFn 1 SetOrClass)
(domain UnionFn 2 SetOrClass)
(range UnionFn SetOrClass)
(documentation UnionFn "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%SetOrClasses to
the union of these &%SetOrClasses.  An object is an &%element of the union
of two &%SetOrClasses just in case it is an &%instance of either &%SetOrClass.")

(instance IntersectionFn BinaryFunction)
(instance IntersectionFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain IntersectionFn 1 SetOrClass)
(domain IntersectionFn 2 SetOrClass)
(range IntersectionFn SetOrClass)
(documentation IntersectionFn "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two
&%SetOrClasses to the intersection of these &%SetOrClasses.  An object is
an instance of the intersection of two &%SetOrClasses just in case it is
an instance of both of those &%SetOrClasses.")

(instance RelativeComplementFn BinaryFunction)
(instance RelativeComplementFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain RelativeComplementFn 1 SetOrClass)
(domain RelativeComplementFn 2 SetOrClass)
(range RelativeComplementFn SetOrClass)
(documentation RelativeComplementFn "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two
&%SetOrClasses to the difference between these &%SetOrClasses.  More
precisely, (&%RelativeComplementFn ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) denotes the instances
of ?CLASS1 that are not also instances of ?CLASS2.")

(instance ComplementFn UnaryFunction)
(instance ComplementFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain ComplementFn 1 SetOrClass)
(range ComplementFn SetOrClass)
(documentation ComplementFn "The complement of a given &%SetOrClass C is the
&%SetOrClass of all things that are not instances of C.  In other words, an
object is an instance of the complement of a &%SetOrClass C just in case it
is not an instance of C.")

(instance GeneralizedUnionFn UnaryFunction)
(instance GeneralizedUnionFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domainSubclass GeneralizedUnionFn 1 SetOrClass)
(range GeneralizedUnionFn SetOrClass)
(documentation GeneralizedUnionFn "A &%UnaryFunction that takes a &%SetOrClass
of &%Classes as its single argument and returns a &%SetOrClass which is the
merge of all of the &%Classes in the original &%SetOrClass, i.e. the &%SetOrClass
containing just those instances which are instances of an instance of the
original &%SetOrClass.")

(instance GeneralizedIntersectionFn UnaryFunction)
(instance GeneralizedIntersectionFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domainSubclass GeneralizedIntersectionFn 1 SetOrClass)
(range GeneralizedIntersectionFn SetOrClass)
(documentation GeneralizedIntersectionFn "A &%UnaryFunction that takes a
&%SetOrClass of &%Classes as its single argument and returns a &%SetOrClass which
is the intersection of all of the &%Classes in the original &%SetOrClass, i.e.
the &%SetOrClass containing just those instances which are instances of all
instances of the original &%SetOrClass.")

(instance CardinalityFn UnaryFunction)
(instance CardinalityFn TotalValuedRelation)
(instance CardinalityFn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain CardinalityFn 1 (UnionFn SetOrClass Collection))
(range CardinalityFn Number)
(documentation CardinalityFn "(CardinalityFn ?CLASS) returns the
number of instances in the &%SetOrClass ?CLASS or the number of
members in the ?CLASS &%Collection.")

(subclass NullSet SetOrClass)
(documentation NullSet "Any &%SetOrClass that contains no instances.")

(=>
   (instance ?SET NullSet)
   (not (exists (?INST) (instance ?INST ?SET))))

(subclass NonNullSet SetOrClass)
(documentation NonNullSet "Any &%SetOrClass that contains at least one
instance.")

(=>
   (instance ?SET NonNullSet)
   (exists (?INST) (instance ?INST ?SET)))

(subclass FiniteSet Set)
(documentation FiniteSet "A &%Set containing a finite number of elements.")

(=>
   (instance ?SET FiniteSet)
   (exists (?NUMBER)
      (and
         (instance ?NUMBER NonnegativeInteger)
         (equal ?NUMBER (CardinalityFn ?SET)))))

(subclass PairwiseDisjointClass SetOrClass)
(documentation PairwiseDisjointClass "A &%SetOrClass is a &%PairwiseDisjointClass
just in case every instance of the &%SetOrClass is either &%equal to or &%disjoint
from every other instance of the &%SetOrClass.")

(=>
   (instance ?SUPERCLASS PairwiseDisjointClass)
   (forall (?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?CLASS1 ?SUPERCLASS)
            (instance ?CLASS2 ?SUPERCLASS))
         (or
            (equal ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
            (disjoint ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)))))

(subclass MutuallyDisjointClass SetOrClass)
(documentation MutuallyDisjointClass "A &%SetOrClass is a &%MutuallyDisjointClass
just in case there exists nothing which is an instance of all of the instances of
the original &%SetOrClass.")

(=>
   (instance ?CLASS MutuallyDisjointClass)
   (forall (?INST1 ?INST2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?INST1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?INST2 ?INST1))
         (exists (?INST3)
            (and
               (instance ?INST3 ?CLASS)
               (not (instance ?INST2 ?INST3)))))))

(instance KappaFn BinaryFunction)
(domain KappaFn 1 SymbolicString)
(domain KappaFn 2 Formula)
(range KappaFn Class)
(documentation KappaFn "A class-forming operator that takes two
arguments:  a variable and a formula containing at least one unbound
occurrence of the variable.  The result of applying &%KappaFn to a
variable and a formula is the &%SetOrClass of things that satisfy the formula.
For example, we can denote the &%SetOrClass of prime numbers that are less
than 100 with the following expression:  (KappaFn ?NUMBER
(and (instance ?NUMBER PrimeNumber) (lessThan ?NUMBER 100))).  Note that
the use of this function is discouraged, since there is currently no
axiomatic support for it.")

;; At some point we may be able to make use of 'KappaFn' by implementing a macro
;; that decomposes every occurrence of 'KappaFn' into a complex formula.  For
;; example the macro might replace every instance of Schema 1 with an instance
;; of Schema 2.
;;
;; Schema 1:  (KappaFn <variable> <formula>)
;;
;; Schema 2: (exists (?LIST)
;;                (and
;;                 (instance ?LIST UniqueList)
;;                     (forall (<variable>)
;;                          (<=>
;;                             (inList <variable> ?LIST)
;;                               <formula>))))
;;


;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;  GRAPH THEORY   ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

(subclass Graph Abstract)
(documentation Graph "The &%Class of graphs, where a graph is understood
to be a set of &%GraphNodes connected by &%GraphArcs.  Note that this
&%Class includes only connected graphs, i.e. graphs in which there is a
&%GraphPath between any two &%GraphNodes.  Note too that every &%Graph
is assumed to contain at least two &%GraphArcs and three &%GraphNodes.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GRAPH Graph)
      (instance ?NODE1 GraphNode)
      (instance ?NODE2 GraphNode)
      (graphPart ?NODE1 ?GRAPH)
      (graphPart ?NODE2 ?GRAPH)
      (not (equal ?NODE1 ?NODE2)))
   (exists (?ARC ?PATH)
      (or
         (links ?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?ARC)
         (and
            (subGraph ?PATH ?GRAPH)
            (instance ?PATH GraphPath)
            (or
               (and
                  (equal (BeginNodeFn ?PATH) ?NODE1)
                  (equal (EndNodeFn ?PATH) ?NODE2))
               (and
                  (equal (BeginNodeFn ?PATH) ?NODE2)
                  (equal (EndNodeFn ?PATH) ?NODE1)))))))

(=>
   (instance ?GRAPH Graph)
   (exists (?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?NODE3 ?ARC1 ?ARC2)
      (and
         (graphPart ?NODE1 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?NODE2 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?NODE3 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?ARC1 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?ARC2 ?GRAPH)
         (links ?ARC1 ?NODE1 ?NODE2)
         (links ?ARC2 ?NODE2 ?NODE3)
         (not (equal ?NODE1 ?NODE2))
         (not (equal ?NODE2 ?NODE3))
           (not (equal ?NODE1 ?NODE3))
         (not (equal ?ARC1 ?ARC2)))))

(subclass DirectedGraph Graph)
(documentation DirectedGraph "The &%Class of directed graphs.  A
directed graph is a &%Graph in which all &%GraphArcs
have direction, i.e. every &%GraphArc has an initial node (see
&%InitialNodeFn) and a terminal node (see &%TerminalNodeFn).")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GRAPH DirectedGraph)
      (instance ?ARC GraphArc)
      (graphPart ?ARC ?GRAPH))
   (exists (?NODE1 ?NODE2)
      (and
         (equal (InitialNodeFn ?ARC) ?NODE1)
         (equal (TerminalNodeFn ?ARC) ?NODE2))))

(subclass Tree Graph)
(documentation Tree "A Tree is a &%DirectedGraph that has no
&%GraphLoops.")

(=>
   (instance ?GRAPH Tree)
   (not (exists (?LOOP)
      (and
         (instance ?LOOP GraphLoop)
         (graphPart ?LOOP ?GRAPH)))))

(subclass GraphPath DirectedGraph)
(documentation GraphPath "Informally, a single, directed route between
two &%GraphNodes in a &%Graph.  Formally, a &%DirectedGraph that is a
&%subGraph of the original &%Graph and such that no two &%GraphArcs in
the &%DirectedGraph have the same intial node (see &%InitialNodeFn) or
the same terminal node (see &%TerminalNodeFn).")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GRAPH GraphPath)
      (instance ?ARC GraphArc)
      (graphPart ?ARC ?GRAPH))
   (=>
      (equal (InitialNodeFn ?ARC) ?NODE)
      (not (exists (?OTHER)
         (and
            (equal (InitialNodeFn ?OTHER) ?NODE)
            (not (equal ?OTHER ?ARC)))))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GRAPH GraphPath)
      (instance ?ARC GraphArc)
      (graphPart ?ARC ?GRAPH))
   (=>
      (equal (TerminalNodeFn ?ARC) ?NODE)
      (not (exists (?OTHER)
         (and
            (equal (TerminalNodeFn ?OTHER) ?NODE)
            (not (equal ?OTHER ?ARC)))))))

(subclass GraphCircuit GraphPath)
(documentation GraphCircuit "A &%GraphPath that begins (see
&%BeginNodeFn) and ends (see &%EndNodeFn) at the same
&%GraphNode.")

(<=>
   (instance ?GRAPH GraphCircuit)
   (exists (?NODE)
      (and
         (equal (BeginNodeFn ?GRAPH) ?NODE)
         (equal (EndNodeFn ?GRAPH) ?NODE))))

(subclass MultiGraph Graph)
(documentation MultiGraph "The &%Class of multigraphs.  A multigraph
is a &%Graph containing at least one pair of &%GraphNodes that are
connected by more than one &%GraphArc.")

(<=>
   (instance ?GRAPH MultiGraph)
   (exists (?ARC1 ?ARC2 ?NODE1 ?NODE2)
      (and
         (graphPart ?ARC1 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?ARC2 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?NODE1 ?GRAPH)
         (graphPart ?NODE2 ?GRAPH)
         (links ?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?ARC1)
         (links ?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?ARC2)
         (not (equal ?ARC1 ?ARC2)))))

(subclass PseudoGraph Graph)
(documentation PseudoGraph "The &%Class of pseudographs.  A pseudograph
is a &%Graph containing at least one &%GraphLoop.")

(<=>
   (instance ?GRAPH PseudoGraph)
   (exists (?LOOP)
      (and
         (instance ?LOOP GraphLoop)
         (graphPart ?LOOP ?GRAPH))))

(subclass GraphElement Abstract)
(partition GraphElement GraphNode GraphArc)
(documentation GraphElement "Noncompositional parts of &%Graphs.
These parts are restricted to &%GraphNodes and &%GraphArcs.")

(=>
   (instance ?PART GraphElement)
   (exists (?GRAPH)
      (and
         (instance ?GRAPH Graph)
         (graphPart ?PART ?GRAPH))))

(subclass GraphNode GraphElement)
(documentation GraphNode "&%Graphs are comprised of &%GraphNodes
and &%GraphArcs.  Every &%GraphNode is linked by a &%GraphArc.")

(=>
   (instance ?NODE GraphNode)
   (exists (?OTHER ?ARC)
      (links ?NODE ?OTHER ?ARC)))

(subclass GraphArc GraphElement)
(documentation GraphArc "&%Graphs are comprised of &%GraphNodes
and &%GraphArcs.  Every &%GraphArc links two &%GraphNodes.")

(=>
   (instance ?ARC GraphArc)
   (exists (?NODE1 ?NODE2)
      (links ?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?ARC)))

(subclass GraphLoop GraphArc)
(documentation GraphLoop "A &%GraphArc in which a &%GraphNode is
linked to itself.")

(<=>
   (instance ?LOOP GraphLoop)
   (exists (?NODE)
      (links ?NODE ?NODE ?LOOP)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (InitialNodeFn ?ARC) ?NODE)
      (equal (TerminalNodeFn ?ARC) ?NODE))
   (instance ?ARC GraphLoop))

(instance links TernaryPredicate)
(domain links 1 GraphNode)
(domain links 2 GraphNode)
(domain links 3 GraphArc)
(documentation links "a &%TernaryPredicate that specifies the
&%GraphArc connecting two &%GraphNodes.")

(=>
   (links ?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?ARC)
   (links ?NODE2 ?NODE1 ?ARC))

(instance graphPart BinaryPredicate)
(instance graphPart AsymmetricRelation)
(instance graphPart IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain graphPart 1 GraphElement)
(domain graphPart 2 Graph)
(documentation graphPart "A basic relation for &%Graphs and their
parts.  (&%graphPart ?PART ?GRAPH) means that ?PART is a &%GraphArc
or &%GraphNode of the &%Graph ?GRAPH.")

(instance subGraph BinaryPredicate)
(instance subGraph ReflexiveRelation)
(instance subGraph TransitiveRelation)
(domain subGraph 1 Graph)
(domain subGraph 2 Graph)
(documentation subGraph "The relation between two &%Graphs when one
&%Graph is a part of the other.  (&%subGraph ?GRAPH1 ?GRAPH2) means
that ?GRAPH1 is a part of ?GRAPH2.")

(=>
   (and
      (subGraph ?GRAPH1 ?GRAPH2)
      (graphPart ?ELEMENT ?GRAPH1))
   (graphPart ?ELEMENT ?GRAPH2))

(instance pathLength BinaryPredicate)
(instance pathLength AsymmetricRelation)
(instance pathLength IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain pathLength 1 GraphPath)
(domain pathLength 2 PositiveInteger)
(documentation pathLength "A &%BinaryPredicate that specifies the
length (in number of &%GraphNodes) of a &%GraphPath.
(&%pathLength ?PATH ?NUMBER) means that there are ?NUMBER nodes in
the &%GraphPath ?PATH.")

(instance InitialNodeFn UnaryFunction)
(instance InitialNodeFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain InitialNodeFn 1 GraphArc)
(range InitialNodeFn GraphNode)
(documentation InitialNodeFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a
&%GraphArc to the initial node of the &%GraphArc.  Note
that this is a partial function.  In particular, the function is
undefined for &%GraphArcs that are not part of a &%DirectedGraph.")

(instance TerminalNodeFn UnaryFunction)
(instance TerminalNodeFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domain TerminalNodeFn 1 GraphArc)
(range TerminalNodeFn GraphNode)
(documentation TerminalNodeFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a
&%GraphArc to the terminal node of the &%GraphArc.  Note that this
is a partial function.  In particular, the function is undefined
for &%GraphArcs that are not part of a &%DirectedGraph.")

(instance BeginNodeFn UnaryFunction)
(instance BeginNodeFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain BeginNodeFn 1 GraphPath)
(range BeginNodeFn GraphNode)
(relatedInternalConcept BeginNodeFn InitialNodeFn)
(documentation BeginNodeFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphPath
to the &%GraphNode that is the beginning of the &%GraphPath.  Note that,
unlike &%InitialNodeFn (which relates a &%GraphArc to a &%GraphNode),
&%BeginNodeFn is a total function - every &%GraphPath has a beginning.")

(instance EndNodeFn UnaryFunction)
(instance EndNodeFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain EndNodeFn 1 GraphPath)
(range EndNodeFn GraphNode)
(relatedInternalConcept EndNodeFn TerminalNodeFn)
(documentation EndNodeFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphPath
to the &%GraphNode that is the end of the &%GraphPath.  Note that, unlike
&%TerminalNodeFn (which relates a &%GraphArc to a &%GraphNode),
&%EndNodeFn is a total function - every &%GraphPath has a end.")

(instance arcWeight BinaryPredicate)
(instance arcWeight SingleValuedRelation)
(domain arcWeight 1 GraphArc)
(domain arcWeight 2 RealNumber)
(documentation arcWeight "This predicate indicates the value of a
&%GraphArc in a &%Graph.  This could map to the length of a road in
a road network or the flow rate of a pipe in a plumbing system.")

(instance PathWeightFn UnaryFunction)
(domain PathWeightFn 1 GraphPath)
(range PathWeightFn RealNumber)
(documentation PathWeightFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a
&%GraphPath to the sum of the &%arcWeights on the &%GraphArcs in
the &%GraphPath.")

(=>
   (and
      (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH) ?SUM)
      (subGraph ?SUBPATH ?PATH)
      (graphPart ?ARC1 ?PATH)
      (arcWeight ?ARC1 ?NUMBER1)
      (forall (?ARC2)
         (=>
            (graphPart ?ARC2 ?PATH)
            (or
               (graphPart ?ARC2 ?SUBPATH)
               (equal ?ARC2 ?ARC1)))))
   (equal ?SUM (AdditionFn (PathWeightFn ?SUBPATH) ?NUMBER1)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH) ?SUM)
      (graphPart ?ARC1 ?PATH)
      (graphPart ?ARC2 ?PATH)
      (arcWeight ?ARC1 ?NUMBER1)
      (arcWeight ?ARC2 ?NUMBER2)
      (forall (?ARC3)
         (=>
            (graphPart ?ARC3 ?PATH)
            (or
               (equal ?ARC3 ?ARC1)
               (equal ?ARC3 ?ARC2)))))
   (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH) (AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)))

(instance MinimalWeightedPathFn BinaryFunction)
(domain MinimalWeightedPathFn 1 GraphNode)
(domain MinimalWeightedPathFn 2 GraphNode)
(range MinimalWeightedPathFn GraphPath)
(documentation MinimalWeightedPathFn "This &%BinaryFunction assigns two
&%GraphNodes to the &%GraphPath with the smallest sum of weighted arcs
between the two &%GraphNodes.")

(=>
   (equal (MinimalWeightedPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2) ?PATH)
   (instance ?PATH (GraphPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MinimalWeightedPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2) ?PATH)
      (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH) ?NUMBER))
   (forall (?PATH2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?PATH2 (GraphPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2))
            (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH2) ?NUMBER2))
         (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))))

(instance MaximalWeightedPathFn BinaryFunction)
(domain MaximalWeightedPathFn 1 GraphNode)
(domain MaximalWeightedPathFn 2 GraphNode)
(range MaximalWeightedPathFn GraphPath)
(documentation MaximalWeightedPathFn "This &%BinaryFunction assigns two
&%GraphNodes to the &%GraphPath with the largest sum of weighted arcs
between the two &%GraphNodes.")

(=>
   (equal (MaximalWeightedPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2) ?PATH)
   (instance ?PATH (GraphPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MaximalWeightedPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2) ?PATH)
      (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH) ?NUMBER))
   (forall (?PATH2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?PATH2 (GraphPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2))
            (equal (PathWeightFn ?PATH2) ?NUMBER2))
         (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))))

(instance GraphPathFn BinaryFunction)
(instance GraphPathFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain GraphPathFn 1 GraphNode)
(domain GraphPathFn 2 GraphNode)
(rangeSubclass GraphPathFn GraphPath)
(documentation GraphPathFn "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%GraphNodes
to the &%Class of &%GraphPaths between those two nodes.  Note that the two
&%GraphNodes must belong to the same &%Graph.")

(=>
   (and
      (graphPart ?PATH ?GRAPH)
      (not (instance ?GRAPH DirectedGraph)))
   (<=>
      (equal (GraphPathFn ?NODE1 ?NODE2) ?PATH)
      (equal (GraphPathFn ?NODE2 ?NODE1) ?PATH)))

(instance CutSetFn UnaryFunction)
(domain CutSetFn 1 Graph)
(rangeSubclass CutSetFn GraphPath)
(documentation CutSetFn "A &%UnaryFunction that assigns a &%Graph the
&%Class of &%GraphPaths that partition the graph into two separate
graphs if cut.  There may be more than one cutset for a given graph.")

(instance MinimalCutSetFn UnaryFunction)
(domain MinimalCutSetFn 1 Graph)
(rangeSubclass MinimalCutSetFn GraphPath)
(relatedInternalConcept MinimalCutSetFn CutSetFn)
(documentation MinimalCutSetFn "A &%UnaryFunction that assigns a &%Graph
the &%Class of &%GraphPaths which comprise cutsets for the &%Graph and
which have the least number of &%GraphArcs.")

(=>
   (instance ?GRAPH Graph)
   (subclass (MinimalCutSetFn ?GRAPH) (CutSetFn ?GRAPH)))

(=>
   (equal (MinimalCutSetFn ?GRAPH) ?PATHCLASS)
   (exists (?NUMBER)
      (forall (?PATH)
         (=>
            (instance ?PATH ?PATHCLASS)
            (pathLength ?PATH ?NUMBER)))))

(not (exists (?PATH1 ?PATH2)
   (and
      (instance ?PATH1 (CutSetFn ?GRAPH))
      (instance ?PATH2 (MinimalCutSetFn ?GRAPH))
      (pathLength ?PATH1 ?NUMBER1)
      (pathLength ?PATH2 ?NUMBER2)
      (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))))

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE



;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;  UNITS OF MEASURE   ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'NUMERIC FUNCTIONS'

;; This section was originally based on the relations in the Quantities
;; ontology (developed by ITBM-CNR) and the units of measure in the
;; "Standard Units" and "Standard Dimensions" ontologies on the Ontolingua
;; server.  This content has been extensively revised by Helena Sofia Pinto
;; of the Instituto Superior Tecnico in Portugal.  The sources for these
;; revisions were:
;; - Barry Taylor, NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the Use of the
;;   International System of Units (SI), 1995.
;; - Encyclopaedia Britannica (on-line version at http://www.britannica.com)

(subclass UnitOfMeasure PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation UnitOfMeasure "A standard of measurement for some dimension.
For example, the &%Meter is a &%UnitOfMeasure for the dimension of length,
as is the &%Inch.  There is no intrinsic property of a &%UnitOfMeasure that
makes it primitive or fundamental; rather, a system of units (e.g.
&%SystemeInternationalUnit) defines a set of orthogonal dimensions and
assigns units for each.")

(subclass SystemeInternationalUnit UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation SystemeInternationalUnit "The &%Class of Systeme
International (SI) units.")

(subclass LengthMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation LengthMeasure "The &%Class of &%ConstantQuantities relating
to length.")

(subclass MassMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation MassMeasure "The &%Class of &%ConstantQuantities relating
to the amount of matter in an &%Object.")

(subclass AreaMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation AreaMeasure "Measures of the amount of space in two
dimensions.")

(subclass VolumeMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation VolumeMeasure "Measures of the amount of space in three
dimensions.")

(subclass TemperatureMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation TemperatureMeasure "Measures of temperature.
In scientific circles, the temperature of something is understood as the
average velocity of the atoms or molecules that make up the thing.")

(subclass CurrencyMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation CurrencyMeasure "Includes all standard measures of monetary
value, including &%UnitedStatesDollar, &%UnitedStatesCent, Lire, Yen, etc.")

(subclass AngleMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation AngleMeasure "The value of an angle in a plane or in a
solid.")

(subclass PlaneAngleMeasure AngleMeasure)
(documentation PlaneAngleMeasure "The value of an angle in a plane.")

(subclass SolidAngleMeasure AngleMeasure)
(disjoint SolidAngleMeasure PlaneAngleMeasure)
(documentation SolidAngleMeasure "The value of an angle in a solid.")

(instance MeasureFn BinaryFunction)
(instance MeasureFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain MeasureFn 1 RealNumber)
(domain MeasureFn 2 UnitOfMeasure)
(range MeasureFn ConstantQuantity)
(documentation MeasureFn "This &%BinaryFunction maps a &%RealNumber and
a &%UnitOfMeasure to that &%Number of units.  It is used for expressing
&%ConstantQuantities.  For example, the concept of three meters is
represented as (&%MeasureFn 3 &%Meter).")

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ?UNIT) ?QUANT)
      (subclass ?UNIT ?QUANTTYPE))
   (instance ?QUANT ?QUANTTYPE))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REL RelationExtendedToQuantities)
      (instance ?REL TernaryRelation)
      (instance ?NUMBER1 RealNumber)
      (instance ?NUMBER2 RealNumber)
      (holds ?REL ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ?VALUE))
   (forall (?UNIT)
      (=>
         (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
         (holds ?REL (MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT) (MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT) (MeasureFn ?VALUE ?UNIT)))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REL RelationExtendedToQuantities)
      (instance ?REL BinaryRelation)
      (instance ?NUMBER1 RealNumber)
      (instance ?NUMBER2 RealNumber)
      (holds ?REL ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))
   (forall (?UNIT)
      (=>
         (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
         (holds ?REL (MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT) (MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT)))))

(instance KiloFn UnaryFunction)
(instance KiloFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain KiloFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range KiloFn UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation KiloFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into
a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure.
For example, (&%KiloFn &%Gram) is 1,000 &%Grams.")

(=>
   (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
   (equal (KiloFn ?UNIT) (MeasureFn 1000 ?UNIT)))

(instance MegaFn UnaryFunction)
(instance MegaFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain MegaFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range MegaFn UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation MegaFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into
a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000 units of the original
&%UnitOfMeasure.  For example, (&%MegaFn &%Hertz) is 1,000,000 &%Hertz.")

(=>
   (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
   (equal (MegaFn ?UNIT) (MeasureFn 1000000 ?UNIT)))

(instance GigaFn UnaryFunction)
(instance GigaFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain GigaFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range GigaFn UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation GigaFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into
a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000 units of the original
&%UnitOfMeasure.  For example, (&%GigaFn &%Hertz) is 1,000,000,000 &%Hertz.")

(=>
   (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
   (equal (GigaFn ?UNIT) (MeasureFn 1000000000 ?UNIT)))

(instance TeraFn UnaryFunction)
(instance TeraFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain TeraFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range TeraFn UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation TeraFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure
into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000,000 units of the original
&%UnitOfMeasure.  For example, (&%TeraFn &%Hertz) is 1,000,000,000,000 &%Hertz.")

(=>
   (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
   (equal (TeraFn ?UNIT) (MeasureFn 1000000000000 ?UNIT)))

(instance MilliFn UnaryFunction)
(instance MilliFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain MilliFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range MilliFn UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation MilliFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into
a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure.
For example, (&%MilliFn &%Gram) is .001 &%Grams.")

(=>
   (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
   (equal (MilliFn ?UNIT) (MeasureFn 0.001 ?UNIT)))

(instance MicroFn UnaryFunction)
(instance MicroFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain MicroFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range MicroFn UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation MicroFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into
a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure.
For example, (&%MicroFn &%Meter) is .000001 &%Meters.")

(=>
   (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
   (equal (MicroFn ?UNIT) (MeasureFn 0.000001 ?UNIT)))

(instance NanoFn UnaryFunction)
(instance NanoFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain NanoFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range NanoFn UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation NanoFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into
a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000001 units of the original
&%UnitOfMeasure.  For example, (&%MicroFn &%SecondDuration) is .000000001
&%SecondDurations.")

(=>
   (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
   (equal (NanoFn ?UNIT) (MeasureFn 0.000000001 ?UNIT)))

(instance PicoFn UnaryFunction)
(instance PicoFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain PicoFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range PicoFn UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation PicoFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into
a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000000001 units of the original
&%UnitOfMeasure.  For example, (&%PicoFn &%SecondDuration) is .000000000001
&%SecondDurations.")

(=>
   (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
   (equal (PicoFn ?UNIT) (MeasureFn 0.000000000001 ?UNIT)))

(instance IntervalFn BinaryFunction)
(domain IntervalFn 1 ConstantQuantity)
(domain IntervalFn 2 ConstantQuantity)
(rangeSubclass IntervalFn ConstantQuantity)
(relatedInternalConcept IntervalFn RecurrentTimeIntervalFn)
(documentation IntervalFn "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%ConstantQuantities
to the &%Class of &%ConstantQuantities that comprise the interval from the first
&%ConstantQuantity to the second &%ConstantQuantity.  For example, (&%IntervalFn
(&%MeasureFn 8 &%Meter) (&%MeasureFn 14 &%Meter)) would return the &%Class of
&%ConstantQuantities between 8 and 14 meters in length.")

(<=>
   (instance ?QUANTITY (IntervalFn ?FROM ?TO))
   (and
        (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?QUANTITY ?FROM)
        (lessThanOrEqualTo ?QUANTITY ?TO)))

(instance MagnitudeFn UnaryFunction)
(domain MagnitudeFn  1 ConstantQuantity)
(range MagnitudeFn RealNumber)
(documentation MagnitudeFn "The magnitude of a &%ConstantQuantity is the
numeric value for the quantity.  In other words, &%MagnitudeFn converts
a &%ConstantQuantity with an associated &%UnitOfMeasure into an ordinary
&%RealNumber.  For example, the magnitude of the &%ConstantQuantity 2
&%Kilometers is the &%RealNumber 2.   Note that the magnitude of a
quantity in a given unit times that unit is equal to the original
quantity.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
      (instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure))
(equal (MagnitudeFn (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ?UNIT)) ?NUMBER))

(instance PerFn BinaryFunction)
(instance PerFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain PerFn 1 ConstantQuantity)
(domain PerFn 2 ConstantQuantity)
(range PerFn FunctionQuantity)
(documentation PerFn "&%PerFn maps two instances of &%ConstantQuantity to the &%FunctionQuantity composed of these two instances.  For example, (&%PerFn (&%MeasureFn 2 (&%MicroFn &%Gram)) (&%MeasureFn 1 (&%KiloFn &%Gram))) denotes the &%FunctionQuantity of
2 micrograms per kiogram.  This function is useful, because it allows the knowledge
engineer to dynamically generate instances of &%FunctionQuantity.")

(subrelation DensityFn PerFn)
(instance DensityFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain DensityFn 1 MassMeasure)
(domain DensityFn 2 VolumeMeasure)
(range DensityFn FunctionQuantity)
(documentation DensityFn "&%DensityFn maps an instance of &%MassMeasure
and an instance of &%VolumeMeasure to the density represented by this
proportion of mass and volume.  For example, (&%DensityFn (&%MeasureFn 3 &%Gram)
(&%MeasureFn 1 &%Liter)) represents the density of 3 grams per liter.")

(subrelation SpeedFn PerFn)
(instance SpeedFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain SpeedFn 1 LengthMeasure)
(domain SpeedFn 2 TimeDuration)
(range SpeedFn FunctionQuantity)
(documentation SpeedFn "Maps an instance of &%LengthMeasure and an instance of
&%TimeDuration to the speed represented by this proportion of distance and time.
For example, (&%SpeedFn (&%MeasureFn 55 &%Mile)(&%MeasureFn 1 &%HourDuration))
represents the velocity of 55 miles per hour.")

(instance VelocityFn QuaternaryFunction)
(instance VelocityFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain VelocityFn 1 LengthMeasure)
(domain VelocityFn 2 TimeDuration)
(domain VelocityFn 3 Region)
(domain VelocityFn 4 DirectionalAttribute)
(range VelocityFn FunctionQuantity)
(documentation VelocityFn "Specifies the velocity of an object, i.e. the speed
and the direction of the speed.  For example (&%VelocityFn (&%MeasureFn 55 &%Mile)
(&%MeasureFn 2 &%HourDuration) ?REFERENCE &%North) denotes the velocity of 55 miles
per hour North of the given reference point ?REFERENCE.")

(=>
   (measure ?OBJECT (VelocityFn ?DISTANCE ?TIME ?REF ?DIRECTION))
   (measure ?OBJECT (SpeedFn ?DISTANCE ?TIME)))

;; Now the units of measure:

;; First base units for the SI system. No conversion functions are
;; provided for these units.

;; Length Base Unit

(subclass Meter LengthMeasure)
(instance Meter SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Meter "SI &%LengthMeasure.  Symbol:  m. It is one of the
base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the &%Meter
is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time
interval of 1/299792458 of a &%SecondDuration.")

;; Mass Base Unit

(subclass Gram MassMeasure)
(instance Gram SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Gram "Submultiple of kilogram.  Symbol: g.
1 kilogram = 1000 &%Grams.")

;; Time Base Unit

(subclass SecondDuration TimeDuration)
(instance SecondDuration SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation SecondDuration "SI &%TimeDuration.  Symbol: s.
It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as
follows: the &%SecondDuration is the duration of 9192631770 periods of
the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine
levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom.")

;; Electric Current Base Unit

(subclass Ampere FunctionQuantity)
(instance Ampere SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Ampere "SI electric current measure.  Symbol: A. It is
one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the &%Ampere is
that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel
conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and
placed 1 &%Meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors
a force equal to 2*10^(-7) &%Newton per &%Meter of length.")


;; Thermodynamic Temperature Base Unit

(subclass KelvinDegree TemperatureMeasure)
(instance KelvinDegree SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation KelvinDegree "SI &%TemperatureMeasure.  Symbol: K.
It is one of the base units in SI (it is also a unit in the ITS system).
Kelvin differs from the Celsius scale in that the triple point of water
is defined to be 273.16 &%KelvinDegrees while it is 0 &%CelsiusDegrees.
The magnitudes of intervals in the two scales are the same.  By definition
the conversion constant is 273.15.")

;; Amount Of Substance Base Unit

(subclass Mole MassMeasure)
(instance Mole SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Mole "SI amount of substance unit. symbol: mol. It is one
of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows:  the &%Mole is the
amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities
as there are atoms in 0.012 &%Kilograms of carbon 12.  Note that, when this
&%UnitOfMeasure is used, the elementary entities must be specified - they
may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, etc. or groups of such
particles.")

;; Luminosity Intensity Base Unit

(subclass Candela FunctionQuantity)
(instance Candela SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Candela "SI luminosity intensity measure.  Symbol: cd.
It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as
follows:  the &%Candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction,
of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540*10^12
&%Hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683
&%Watt per &%Steradian.")


(subclass Liter VolumeMeasure)
(instance Liter UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Liter "Unit of volume in the metric system.  It is currently
defined to be equal to one cubic decimeter (0.001 cubic meter).  Symbol: l.")

(subclass Centimeter LengthMeasure)
(instance Centimeter UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Centimeter "Submultiple of &%Meter.  Symbol: cm. It is
the 100th part of a &%Meter")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Centimeter)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 0.01) Meter)))

;; What follows are derived SI units with special names and symbols
;; (multiples and submultiples are together since they represent
;; quantities of the same kind).

;; Plane angle unit

(subclass Radian PlaneAngleMeasure)
(instance Radian SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Radian "SI plane angle measure.  Symbol: rad.  It is the
angle of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the circle's
radius. Another definition is:  the plane angle between two radii of a
circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the
radius.  &%Radian = m/m = 1.")

;; Solid angle unit

(subclass Steradian SolidAngleMeasure)
(instance Steradian SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Steradian "SI solid angle measure.  Symbol: sr.  It is
the solid angle of a sphere subtended by a portion of the surface whose
area is equal to the square of the sphere's radius.  Another definition
is: the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of the sphere,
cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square
with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere.  &%Steradian =
m^2/m^2 = 1.")

;; Frequency units

(subclass Hertz TimeDependentQuantity)
(instance Hertz SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Hertz "SI frequency measure.  Symbol: Hz. It is the
number of cycles per second.  &%Hertz = s^(-1).  Note that &%Hertz
does not have a conversion function.")

; Force Unit

(subclass Newton FunctionQuantity)
(instance Newton SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Newton "SI force measure.  Symbol: N. It is that force
which gives to a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 &%Meter per
&%SecondDuration.  &%Newton = m*kg*s^(-2).")

; Pressure unit

(subclass Pascal FunctionQuantity)
(instance Pascal SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Pascal "SI pressure measure.  Symbol:Pa. It is the
pressure of one &%Newton per square &%Meter.  &%Pascal = N/m^2
= m^(-1)*kg*s^(-2).")

; Energy Unit

(subclass Joule FunctionQuantity)
(instance Joule SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Joule "SI energy measure.  Symbol: J.  It is the work
done when the point of application of 1 &%Newton is displaced a distance
of 1 &%Meter in the direction of the force.  &%Joule = N*m =
m^2*kg*s^(-2).")

; Power Units

(subclass Watt FunctionQuantity)
(instance Watt SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Watt "SI power measure.  Symbol: W.  A &%UnitOfMeasure
that measures power, i.e. energy produced or expended divided by
&%TimeDuration. It is the power which gives rise to the production
of energy (or work) at the rate of one &%Joule per &%SecondDuration.
&%Watt = J/s = m^2*kg*s^(-3).")

;;; Note: According to SI one should not use the expression "per unit of."

; Electric Charge Units

(subclass Coulomb TimeDependentQuantity)
(instance Coulomb SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Coulomb "SI electric charge measure.  Symbol: C. It is
the quantity of electric charge transported through a cross section of
a conductor in an electric circuit during each &%SecondDuration by a
current of 1 &%Ampere.  Coulomb = s*A.")

; Electric Potential Units

(subclass Volt FunctionQuantity)
(instance Volt SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Volt "SI electric potential measure.  Symbol: V.  It is
the difference of electric potential between two points of a conducting
wire carrying a constant current of 1 &%Ampere, when the power dissipated
between these points is equal to 1 &%Watt.  &%Volt = W/A =
m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-1).")

; Capacitance Units

(subclass Farad FunctionQuantity)
(instance  Farad SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Farad "SI capacitance measure.  Symbol: F.  It is the
capacitance of a capacitator between the plates of which there appears
a difference of potential of 1 &%Volt when it is charged by a quantity
of electricity equal to 1 Coulomb.  &%Farad = C/V =
m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^4*A^2.")

;Electric Resistance Units

(subclass Ohm FunctionQuantity)
(instance Ohm SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Ohm "SI electric resistance measure. It is the electric
resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference
of potential of 1 &%Volt, applied between these two points,
produces in this conductor a current of 1 &%Ampere, this conductor not
being the force of any electromotive force.  &%Ohm = V/A =
m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-2).")

; Electric Conductance Units

(subclass Siemens FunctionQuantity)
(instance Siemens SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Siemens "SI electric conductance measure.  Symbol:  S.
In the case of direct current, the conductance in &%Siemens is the
reciprocal of the resistance in &%Ohms; in the case of alternating current,
it is the reciprocal of the impedance in ohms.  siemens = A/V =
m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^(3)*A^2.")

; Magnetic Flux Units

(subclass Weber FunctionQuantity)
(instance  Weber SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Weber "SI magnetic flux measure.  Symbol: Wb. It is the
magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it an
electromotive force of 1 &%Volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform
rate in 1 &%SecondDuration.  &%Weber = V*s = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1)." )

; Magnetic Flux Density Units

(subclass Tesla FunctionQuantity)
(instance Tesla SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Tesla "SI magnetic flux density measure.  Symbol:  T.
One &%Tesla equals one &%Weber per square &%Meter.  &%Tesla = Wb/m^2 =
kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1).")

; Inductance Units

(subclass Henry FunctionQuantity)
(instance Henry SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Henry "SI inductance measure.  Symbol: H.  One &%Henry
is equivalent to one &%Volt divided by one &%Ampere per &%SecondDuration.
If a current changing at the rate of one &%Ampere per &%SecondDuration
induces an electromotive force of one &%Volt, the circuit has an
inductance of one &%Henry.  &%Henry = Wb/A = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-2).")


; Celsius Temperature unit

(subclass CelsiusDegree TemperatureMeasure)
(instance CelsiusDegree SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation CelsiusDegree "A &%TemperatureMeasure.  The freezing point
and the boiling point of water are, respectively, 0 &%CelsiusDegrees and 100
&%CelsiusDegrees.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER CelsiusDegree)
        (MeasureFn (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER 273.15) KelvinDegree)))

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER CelsiusDegree)
        (MeasureFn (DivisionFn (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER 32) 1.8) FahrenheitDegree)))

; Luminous Flux Units

(subclass Lumen FunctionQuantity)
(instance Lumen SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Lumen "SI luminous flux measure.  Symbol: lm.  It is the
amount streaming outward through one solid angle of 1 &%Steradian from a
uniform point source having an intensity of one &%Candela.  &%Lumen =
cd*sr = cd * 1.")

; Illuminance Units

(subclass Lux FunctionQuantity)
(instance Lux SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Lux "SI illuminance measure.  Symbol: lx.  It is the
amount of illumination provided when one &%Lumen is evenly distributed
over an area of 1 square &%Meter. This is also equivalent to the
illumination that would exist on a surface all points of which are one
&%Meter from a point source of one &%Candela.  &%Lux = lm/m^2 =
m^(-2)*cd.")

; Activity Units

(subclass Becquerel TimeDependentQuantity)
(instance Becquerel SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Becquerel "SI activity measure.  Symbol: Bq.  It measures
the amount of radioactivity contained in a given sample of matter. It is
that quantity of a radioactive element in which there is one atomic
disintegration per &%SecondDuration.  &%Becquerel = s^(-1).")

; Absorbed Dose Units

(subclass Gray FunctionQuantity)
(instance Gray SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Gray "SI absorbed dose measure.  Symbol: Gy.  It measures
the dose of radiation absorbed in living tissue. It is equal approximately
to the absorbed dose delivered when the energy per unit mass imparted to
matter by ionizing radiation is 1 &%Joule per kilogram.  &%Gray = J/kg
= m^2*s^(-2).")

; Dose Equivalent Units

(subclass Sievert FunctionQuantity)
(instance Sievert SystemeInternationalUnit)
(documentation Sievert "SI dose equivalent measure.  Symbol: Sv.  It is
a unit of biologic dose of ionizing radiation.  The &%Sievert makes it
possible to normalize doses of different types of radiation. It takes
into account the relative biologic effectiveness of ionizing radiation,
since each form of such radiation--e.g., X rays, gamma rays, neutrons--
has a slightly different effect on living tissue for a given absorbed
dose. The dose equivalent of a given type of radiation (in &%Sievert) is
the dose of the radiation in &%Gray multiplied by a quality factor that
is based on the relative biologic effectiveness of the radiation.
Accordingly, one &%Sievert is generally defined as the amount of radiation
roughly equivalent in biologic effectiveness to one &%Gray of gamma
radiation.  &%Sievert = J/kg = m^2*s^(-2)")


; Units that are accepted for -use- with SI

(subclass DayDuration TimeDuration)
(instance DayDuration UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation DayDuration "Time unit. 1 day = 24 hours.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER DayDuration)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 24) HourDuration)))

(subclass HourDuration TimeDuration)
(instance HourDuration UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation HourDuration "Time unit. 1 hour = 60 minutes.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER HourDuration)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 60) MinuteDuration)))

(subclass MinuteDuration TimeDuration)
(instance MinuteDuration UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation MinuteDuration "Time unit. 1 minute = 60 seconds. ")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER MinuteDuration)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 60) SecondDuration)))

(subclass WeekDuration TimeDuration)
(instance WeekDuration UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation WeekDuration "Time unit.  A week's duration is seven days.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER WeekDuration)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 7) DayDuration)))

(subclass MonthDuration TimeDuration)
(instance MonthDuration UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation MonthDuration "Time unit.  A month's duration is at least
28 days, and no more than 31 days.  Note that this unit is a range, rather
than an exact amount, unlike most other units.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (greaterThanOrEqualTo
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER MonthDuration)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 28) DayDuration)))

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (lessThanOrEqualTo
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER MonthDuration)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 31) DayDuration)))

(subclass YearDuration TimeDuration)
(instance YearDuration UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation YearDuration "Time unit. one calendar year. 1 year =
365 days = 31536000 seconds.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER YearDuration)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 365) DayDuration)))

;; What follows are units that are also accepted for use with SI.  The
;; SI equivalents for these units are obtained experimentally.

(subclass Amu MassMeasure)
(instance Amu UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Amu "Atomic mass unit.  Symbol: u. It is the mass of
the twelfth part of an atom of the Carbon 12 isotope.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Amu)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1.6605402E-24) Gram)))

(subclass ElectronVolt FunctionQuantity)
(instance ElectronVolt UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation ElectronVolt "The &%ElectronVolt is an energy measure.
Symbol: eV.  It is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing
through a potential difference of 1 &%Volt in a vacuum.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ElectronVolt)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1.60217733E-19) Joule)))

;; The following units have been temporarily accepted for use with
;; SI units.

(subclass Angstrom LengthMeasure)
(instance Angstrom UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Angstrom "The &%Angstrom is a &%LengthMeasure.
1 &%Angstrom = 10^(-10) m")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Angstrom)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1.0E-10) Meter)))

;; The following units are unacceptable in SI but are part of other
;; systems of measurement that are widely used.

;; More Length units

(subclass FootLength LengthMeasure)
(instance FootLength UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation FootLength "English length unit of feet.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER FootLength)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 0.3048) Meter)))

(subclass Inch LengthMeasure)
(instance Inch UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Inch "English length unit of inches.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Inch)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 0.0254) Meter)))

(subclass Mile LengthMeasure)
(instance Mile UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Mile "English length unit of miles.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Mile)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1609.344) Meter)))

;; More Volume units

(subclass UnitedStatesGallon VolumeMeasure)
(instance UnitedStatesGallon UnitOfMeasure)
(relatedInternalConcept UnitedStatesGallon UnitedKingdomGallon)
(documentation UnitedStatesGallon "Unit of volume commonly used in the
United States.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER UnitedStatesGallon)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 3.785411784) Liter)))

(subclass Quart VolumeMeasure)
(instance Quart UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Quart "English unit of volume equal to 1/4 of a
&%UnitedStatesGallon.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Quart)
        (MeasureFn (DivisionFn ?NUMBER 4) UnitedStatesGallon)))

(subclass Pint VolumeMeasure)
(instance Pint UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Pint "English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a
&%Quart.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Pint)
        (MeasureFn (DivisionFn ?NUMBER 2) Quart)))

(subclass Cup VolumeMeasure)
(instance Cup UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Cup "English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a
&%Pint.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Cup)
        (MeasureFn (DivisionFn ?NUMBER 2) Pint)))

(subclass Ounce VolumeMeasure)
(instance Ounce UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Ounce "English unit of volume equal to 1/8 of a
&%Cup.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Ounce)
        (MeasureFn (DivisionFn ?NUMBER 8) Cup)))

(subclass UnitedKingdomGallon VolumeMeasure)
(instance UnitedKingdomGallon UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation UnitedKingdomGallon "Unit of volume commonly used in the
United Kingdom.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER UnitedKingdomGallon)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 4.54609) Liter)))

;; More Mass units

(subclass AtomGram MassMeasure)
(instance AtomGram UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation AtomGram "&%MassMeasure that is also known as the gram-atom.
Defined as the mass in grams of 1 &%Mole of pure substance.  For example,
1 &%AtomGram of Carbon 12 will be 12 &%Grams of pure Carbon 12.  2 &%AtomGrams
of the same substance will be 24 &%Grams of it.  This is an unusual unit in
that it is essentially 1 &%Mole of 'stuff' measured in grams, so that the
actual value (i.e. mass) depends on the type of substance.")

(subclass PoundMass MassMeasure)
(instance PoundMass UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation PoundMass "English mass unit of pounds.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER PoundMass)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 453.59237) Gram)))

(subclass Slug MassMeasure)
(instance Slug UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Slug "English mass unit of slugs.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Slug)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 14593.90) Gram)))


;; More Temperature units

(subclass RankineDegree TemperatureMeasure)
(instance RankineDegree UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation RankineDegree "A &%TemperatureMeasure.  Note
that 0 &%RankineDegrees is the same as the absolute zero (i.e. 0
&%KelvinDegrees).")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER RankineDegree)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1.8) KelvinDegree)))

(subclass FahrenheitDegree TemperatureMeasure)
(instance FahrenheitDegree UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation FahrenheitDegree "A &%TemperatureMeasure that is commonly
used in the United States.  On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point
of water is 32 &%FahrenheitDegrees, and the boiling point of water is
212 &%FahrenheitDegrees.")

;; More Force units

(subclass PoundForce FunctionQuantity)
(instance PoundForce UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation PoundForce "English pound of force. The conversion
factor depends on the local value of the acceleration of free fall. A
mean value is used in the conversion axiom associated with this
constant.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER PoundForce)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 4.448222) Newton)))


;; More Energy units

(subclass Calorie FunctionQuantity)
(instance Calorie UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Calorie "A &%Calorie is an energy measure.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Calorie)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 4.1868) Joule)))


(subclass BritishThermalUnit FunctionQuantity)
(instance BritishThermalUnit UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation BritishThermalUnit "An energy measure.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER BritishThermalUnit)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1055.05585262) Joule)))


;; More plane angle units

(subclass AngularDegree PlaneAngleMeasure)
(instance AngularDegree UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation AngularDegree "A plane angle measure.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER AngularDegree)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER (DivisionFn Pi 180)) Radian)))

(=>
   (measure ?ANGLE (MeasureFn ?NUMBER AngularDegree))
   (and
      (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 0)
      (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 360)))

(equal (MeasureFn 0 AngularDegree) (MeasureFn 360 AngularDegree))

; Other interesting units of measure

; Currency units

(subclass UnitedStatesDollar CurrencyMeasure)
(instance UnitedStatesDollar UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation UnitedStatesDollar "A currency measure.")

(subclass UnitedStatesCent CurrencyMeasure)
(instance UnitedStatesCent UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation UnitedStatesCent "A currency measure.  1 &%UnitedStatesCent is
equal to .01 &%UnitedStatesDollars.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER UnitedStatesCent)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 0.01) UnitedStatesDollar)))

(subclass EuroDollar CurrencyMeasure)
(instance EuroDollar UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation EuroDollar "A currency measure of most European Union countries.")

(subclass EuroCent CurrencyMeasure)
(instance EuroCent UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation EuroCent "A currency measure.  1 &%EuroCent is equal to .01
&%EuroDollars.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER EuroCent)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 0.01) EuroDollar)))

; Information units

(subclass InformationMeasure ConstantQuantity)
(documentation InformationMeasure "Measures of the amount of information.
Includes &%Bit, &%Byte, and multiples of these, e.g. &%KiloByte and
&%MegaByte.")

(subclass Bit InformationMeasure)
(instance Bit UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Bit "One &%Bit of information.  A one or a zero.")

(subclass Byte InformationMeasure)
(instance Byte UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation Byte "One &%Byte of information.  A &%Byte is eight
&%Bits.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Byte)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 8) Bit)))

(subclass KiloByte InformationMeasure)
(instance KiloByte UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation KiloByte "One &%KiloByte (KB) of information.  One
&%KiloByte is 1024 &%Bytes.  Note that this sense of 'kilo' is
different from the one accepted in the SI system.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER KiloByte)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1024) Byte)))

(subclass MegaByte InformationMeasure)
(instance MegaByte UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation MegaByte "One &%MegaByte (MB) of information.  One
&%MegaByte is 1024 &%KiloBytes.  Note that this sense of 'mega' is
different from the one accepted in the SI system.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER MegaByte)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 1024) KiloByte)))

;; The following content was inspired by the Quantities ontology
;; developed by ITBM-CNR.

(instance measure BinaryPredicate)
(instance measure AsymmetricRelation)
(domain measure 1 Object)
(domain measure 2 PhysicalQuantity)
(documentation measure "A very general &%Predicate for asserting that a
particular &%Object is measured by a particular &%ConstantQuantity.
In general, the second argument of this &%Predicate will be an instance
of the &%Function &%MeasureFn.")

(instance age SingleValuedRelation)
(subrelation age measure)
(domain age 2 TimeDuration)
(documentation age "Simply relates an &%Object to a &%ConstantQuantity
specifying the age of the &%Object.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TIME TimePoint)
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (age ?OBJ ?DURATION)))
   (duration (TimeIntervalFn (BeginFn (WhenFn ?OBJ)) ?TIME) ?DURATION))

(subrelation length measure)
(domain length 2 LengthMeasure)
(documentation length "&%BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure
of an &%Object from one point to another point along its surface.  Note
that the difference between the predicates &%length and &%distance is that
the &%length is used to state the &%LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of
a single object, while &%distance is used to state the &%LengthMeasure that
separates two distinct objects")

(instance width SingleValuedRelation)
(subrelation width length)
(documentation width "&%BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure
of an &%Object from side to side at its widest span.")

(subrelation height length)
(domain height 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain height 2 LengthMeasure)
(documentation height "The height of an &%Object is the distance between
its &%top and its &%bottom.")

(subrelation diameter width)
(documentation diameter "&%BinaryPredicate that is used to state the
measure of a circular &%Object from side to side.")

(instance distance SingleValuedRelation)
(instance distance SpatialRelation)
(instance distance TernaryPredicate)
(domain distance 1 Physical)
(domain distance 2 Physical)
(domain distance 3 LengthMeasure)
(documentation distance "(&%distance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?QUANT) means that the
shortest distance between the two objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 is ?QUANT.  Note
that the difference between the predicates &%length and &%distance is that
the &%length is used to state the &%LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of
a single object, while &%distance is used to state the &%LengthMeasure that
separates two distinct objects.")

(=>
   (distance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?QUANT)
   (distance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 ?QUANT))

(subrelation altitude distance)
(instance altitude SingleValuedRelation)
(documentation altitude "A &%TernaryPredicate that is used to state the &%distance
between the &%top of an &%Object and another point that is below the &%top of the
&%Object (often this other point will be sea level).  Note that this &%Predicate can
be used to specify, for example, the height of geographic features, e.g. mountains,
the altitude of aircraft, and the orbit of satellites around the Earth.")

(=>
   (altitude ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?HEIGHT)
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Above))

(=>
   (altitude ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?HEIGHT)
   (exists (?TOP)
      (and
         (top ?TOP ?OBJ1)
         (distance ?TOP ?OBJ2 ?HEIGHT))))

(subrelation depth distance)
(instance depth SingleValuedRelation)
(documentation depth "A &%TernaryPredicate that is used to state the &%distance
between the &%top of an &%Object and another point that is above the &%top of the
&%Object (often this other point will be sea level).  Note that this &%Predicate can
be used to specify, for example, the depth of marine life or submarines, for example.")

(=>
   (depth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?DEPTH)
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Below))

(=>
   (depth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?DEPTH)
   (exists (?BOTTOM)
      (and
         (bottom ?BOTTOM ?OBJ1)
         (distance ?BOTTOM ?OBJ2 ?DEPTH))))

(instance larger BinaryPredicate)
(instance larger SpatialRelation)
(instance larger TransitiveRelation)
(instance larger IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain larger 1 Object)
(domain larger 2 Object)
(documentation larger "(&%larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is
larger, with respect to all &%LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2.")

(=>
   (larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
   (forall (?QUANT1 ?QUANT2)
      (=>
         (and
            (measure ?OBJ1 (MeasureFn ?QUANT1 LengthMeasure))
            (measure ?OBJ2 (MeasureFn ?QUANT2 LengthMeasure)))
         (greaterThan ?QUANT1 ?QUANT2))))

(instance smaller BinaryPredicate)
(instance smaller SpatialRelation)
(instance smaller TransitiveRelation)
(instance smaller IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain smaller 1 Object)
(domain smaller 2 Object)
(inverse smaller larger)
(documentation smaller "(&%smaller ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1
is smaller, with respect to all &%LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2.")

(instance monetaryValue SingleValuedRelation)
(subrelation monetaryValue measure)
(domain monetaryValue 1 Physical)
(domain monetaryValue 2 CurrencyMeasure)
(documentation monetaryValue "A &%BinaryPredicate that associates an
&%Object or &%Process with its value expressed as an instance of
&%CurrencyMeasure.")

(instance WealthFn UnaryFunction)
(domain WealthFn 1 Agent)
(range WealthFn CurrencyMeasure)
(documentation WealthFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Agent to a
&%CurrencyMeasure specifying the value of the property owned by the &%Agent.
Note that this &%Function is generally used in conjunction with the
&%Function &%PropertyFn, e.g. (&%WealthFn (&%PropertyFn BillGates)) would
return the monetary value of the sum of Bill Gates' holdings.")

(<=>
   (equal (WealthFn ?PERSON) ?AMOUNT)
   (monetaryValue (PropertyFn ?PERSON) ?AMOUNT))

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; TEMPORAL CONCEPTS ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'STRUCTURAL ONTOLOGY'
;; INCLUDES 'BASE ONTOLOGY'

;; The first part of this section contains definitions relations involving
;; temporal notions.  Most of these definitions and axioms were derived from
;; James Allen's work.  This part of the section was extensively revised on
;; the basis of comments from Pat Hayes.  The second part of this section
;; is an attempt to incorporate the Simple-Time ontology from the
;; Ontolingua server into the SUMO.

(instance PositiveInfinity TimePoint)
(documentation PositiveInfinity "The &%TimePoint that is after
all other &%TimePoints.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?POINT TimePoint)
      (not (equal ?POINT PositiveInfinity)))
   (before ?POINT PositiveInfinity))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?POINT TimePoint)
      (not (equal ?POINT PositiveInfinity)))
   (exists (?OTHERPOINT)
      (temporallyBetween ?POINT ?OTHERPOINT PositiveInfinity)))

(instance NegativeInfinity TimePoint)
(documentation NegativeInfinity "The &%TimePoint that is before
all other &%TimePoints.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?POINT TimePoint)
      (not (equal ?POINT NegativeInfinity)))
    (before NegativeInfinity ?POINT))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?POINT TimePoint)
      (not (equal ?POINT NegativeInfinity)))
   (exists (?OTHERPOINT)
      (temporallyBetween NegativeInfinity ?OTHERPOINT ?POINT)))

(instance duration BinaryPredicate)
(instance duration AsymmetricRelation)
(instance duration TotalValuedRelation)
(domain duration 1 TimeInterval)
(domain duration 2 TimeDuration)
(documentation duration "(&%duration ?POS ?TIME) means that the
duration of the &%TimePosition ?POS is ?TIME.  Note that this
&%Predicate can be used in conjunction with the &%Function &%WhenFn
to specify the duration of any instance of &%Physical.")

(instance frequency BinaryPredicate)
(instance frequency AsymmetricRelation)
(domainSubclass frequency 1 Process)
(domain frequency 2 TimeDuration)
(documentation frequency "(&%frequency ?PROC ?TIME) means that the
&%Process type of ?PROC recurs after every interval of ?TIME.")

(=>
   (frequency ?PROC ?TIME1)
   (forall (?TIME2)
      (=>
         (duration ?TIME2 ?TIME1)
         (exists (?POSITION)
            (and
               (temporalPart ?POSITION ?TIME2)
               (holdsDuring ?POSITION (exists (?INST) (instance ?INST ?PROC))))))))

(instance temporalPart BinaryPredicate)
(instance temporalPart TemporalRelation)
(instance temporalPart PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain temporalPart 1 TimePosition)
(domain temporalPart 2 TimePosition)
(documentation temporalPart "The temporal analogue of the spatial &%part predicate.
(&%temporalPart ?POS1 ?POS2) means that &%TimePosition ?POS1 is part of &%TimePosition ?POS2.  Note that since &%temporalPart is a &%ReflexiveRelation every &%TimePostion is a
&%temporalPart of itself.")

(=>
   (instance ?POINT TimePoint)
   (exists (?INTERVAL)
      (and
         (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
         (temporalPart ?POINT ?INTERVAL))))

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
   (exists (?POINT)
      (and
         (instance ?POINT TimePoint)
         (temporalPart ?POINT ?INTERVAL))))

(=>
   (and
      (holdsDuring ?TIME1 ?SITUATION)
      (temporalPart ?TIME2 ?TIME1))
   (holdsDuring ?TIME2 ?SITUATION))

(=>
   (and
      (holdsDuring ?INTERVAL (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST2))
      (instance ?INST1 Physical)
      (instance ?INST2 Physical))
   (and
      (time ?INST1 ?INTERVAL)
      (time ?INST2 ?INTERVAL)))

(<=>
   (temporalPart ?POS (WhenFn ?THING))
   (time ?THING ?POS))

(instance BeginFn TemporalRelation)
(instance BeginFn UnaryFunction)
(instance BeginFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain BeginFn 1 TimeInterval)
(range BeginFn TimePoint)
(documentation BeginFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimeInterval to
the &%TimePoint at which the interval begins.")

(=>
   (origin ?PROCESS ?OBJ)
   (located (WhereFn ?PROCESS (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS))) (WhereFn ?OBJ (BeginFn (WhenFn ?OBJ)))))

(=>
   (equal (BeginFn ?INTERVAL) ?POINT)
   (forall (?OTHERPOINT)
      (=>
         (and
            (temporalPart ?OTHERPOINT ?INTERVAL)
            (not (equal ?OTHERPOINT ?POINT)))
         (before ?POINT ?OTHERPOINT))))

(instance EndFn TemporalRelation)
(instance EndFn UnaryFunction)
(instance EndFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain EndFn 1 TimeInterval)
(range EndFn TimePoint)
(documentation EndFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimeInterval to
the &%TimePoint at which the interval ends.")

(=>
   (equal (EndFn ?INTERVAL) ?POINT)
   (forall (?OTHERPOINT)
      (=>
         (and
            (temporalPart ?OTHERPOINT ?INTERVAL)
            (not (equal ?OTHERPOINT ?POINT)))
         (before ?OTHERPOINT ?POINT))))

(=>
     (and
          (resource ?PROC ?OBJ)
          (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PROC)) (measure ?OBJ ?QUANT1))
          (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?PROC)) (measure ?OBJ ?QUANT2)))
     (greaterThan ?QUANT1 ?QUANT2))

(subrelation starts temporalPart)
(instance starts TemporalRelation)
(instance starts TransitiveRelation)
(instance starts IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain starts 1 TimeInterval)
(domain starts 2 TimeInterval)
(documentation starts "(&%starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that
?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both &%TimeIntervals that have the same
initial &%TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL1 ends before ?INTERVAL2.")

(<=>
   (starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
   (and
      (equal
         (BeginFn ?INTERVAL1)
           (BeginFn ?INTERVAL2))
      (before
         (EndFn ?INTERVAL1)
           (EndFn ?INTERVAL2))))

(subrelation finishes temporalPart)
(instance finishes TemporalRelation)
(instance finishes TransitiveRelation)
(instance finishes IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain finishes 1 TimeInterval)
(domain finishes 2 TimeInterval)
(documentation finishes "(&%finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that
?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both &%TimeIntervals that have the same
ending &%TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL2 begins before ?INTERVAL1.")

(<=>
   (finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
   (and
      (before
         (BeginFn ?INTERVAL2)
         (BeginFn ?INTERVAL1))
      (equal
         (EndFn ?INTERVAL2)
         (EndFn ?INTERVAL1))))

(instance before TemporalRelation)
(instance before IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance before TransitiveRelation)
(subrelation before beforeOrEqual)
(relatedInternalConcept before earlier)
(domain before 1 TimePoint)
(domain before 2 TimePoint)
(documentation before "(&%before ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1
precedes ?POINT2 on the universal timeline.")

;; An Object exists (and, hence, retains its identity) over time, i.e.,
;; an object exists at every point over some interval of time.

(=>
    (instance ?OBJ Object)
    (exists (?TIME1 ?TIME2)
       (and
          (instance ?TIME1 TimePoint)
          (instance ?TIME2 TimePoint)
          (before ?TIME1 ?TIME2)
          (forall (?TIME)
             (=>
                 (and
                     (beforeOrEqual ?TIME1 ?TIME)
                 (beforeOrEqual ?TIME ?TIME2))
               (time ?OBJ ?TIME))))))

(=>
   (result ?PROC ?OBJ)
   (forall (?TIME)
      (=>
         (before ?TIME (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PROC)))
         (not
            (time ?OBJ ?TIME)))))

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
   (before (BeginFn ?INTERVAL) (EndFn ?INTERVAL)))

(instance beforeOrEqual BinaryPredicate)
(instance beforeOrEqual TemporalRelation)
(instance beforeOrEqual PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain beforeOrEqual 1 TimePoint)
(domain beforeOrEqual 2 TimePoint)
(documentation beforeOrEqual "(&%beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1
is identical with ?POINT2 or occurs before it on the universal timeline.")

(=>
   (beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2)
   (or
       (before ?POINT1 ?POINT2)
       (equal ?POINT1 ?POINT2)))

(instance temporallyBetween TemporalRelation)
(instance temporallyBetween TernaryPredicate)
(subrelation temporallyBetween temporallyBetweenOrEqual)
(domain temporallyBetween 1 TimePoint)
(domain temporallyBetween 2 TimePoint)
(domain temporallyBetween 3 TimePoint)
(documentation temporallyBetween "(&%temporallyBetween ?POINT1 ?POINT2
?POINT3) means that the &%TimePoint ?POINT2 is between the &%TimePoints
?POINT1 and ?POINT3, i.e. ?POINT1 is before ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before
?POINT3.")

(<=>
   (temporallyBetween ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3)
   (and
      (before ?POINT1 ?POINT2)
      (before ?POINT2 ?POINT3)))

(instance temporallyBetweenOrEqual TemporalRelation)
(instance temporallyBetweenOrEqual TernaryPredicate)
(domain temporallyBetweenOrEqual 1 TimePoint)
(domain temporallyBetweenOrEqual 2 TimePoint)
(domain temporallyBetweenOrEqual 3 TimePoint)
(documentation temporallyBetweenOrEqual "(&%temporallyBetweenOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2
?POINT3) means that the &%TimePoint ?POINT1 is before or equal to the
&%TimePoint ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before or equal to the &%TimePoint
?POINT3.")

(<=>
   (temporallyBetweenOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3)
   (and
      (beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2)
      (beforeOrEqual ?POINT2 ?POINT3)))

(<=>
   (and
      (time ?PHYS ?TIME)
      (instance ?TIME TimePoint))
   (temporallyBetweenOrEqual (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PHYS)) ?TIME (EndFn (WhenFn ?PHYS))))

(instance overlapsTemporally BinaryPredicate)
(instance overlapsTemporally TemporalRelation)
(instance overlapsTemporally ReflexiveRelation)
(instance overlapsTemporally SymmetricRelation)
(domain overlapsTemporally 1 TimeInterval)
(domain overlapsTemporally 2 TimeInterval)
(documentation overlapsTemporally "(&%overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1
?INTERVAL2) means that the &%TimeIntervals ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2
have a &%TimeInterval as a common part.")

(<=>
   (overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
   (exists (?INTERVAL3)
      (and
         (instance ?INTERVAL3 TimeInterval)
         (temporalPart ?INTERVAL3 ?INTERVAL1)
         (temporalPart ?INTERVAL3 ?INTERVAL2))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REL SpatialRelation)
      (holds ?REL ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
   (overlapsTemporally (WhenFn ?OBJ1) (WhenFn ?OBJ2)))

(subrelation during temporalPart)
(instance during TransitiveRelation)
(instance during IrreflexiveRelation)
(subrelation during overlapsTemporally)
(domain during 1 TimeInterval)
(domain during 2 TimeInterval)
(documentation during "(&%during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that
?INTERVAL1 starts after and ends before ?INTERVAL2.")

(=>
   (during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
   (and
      (before (EndFn ?INTERVAL1) (EndFn ?INTERVAL2))
      (before (BeginFn ?INTERVAL2) (BeginFn ?INTERVAL1))))

(instance meetsTemporally BinaryPredicate)
(instance meetsTemporally TemporalRelation)
(instance meetsTemporally AsymmetricRelation)
(instance meetsTemporally IntransitiveRelation)
(domain meetsTemporally 1 TimeInterval)
(domain meetsTemporally 2 TimeInterval)
(documentation meetsTemporally "(&%meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
means that the terminal point of the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 is the
initial point of the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2.")

(<=>
   (meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
   (equal
      (EndFn ?INTERVAL1)
      (BeginFn ?INTERVAL2)))

(=>
  (and
    (equal
      (BeginFn ?INTERVAL1)
      (BeginFn ?INTERVAL2))
    (equal
      (EndFn ?INTERVAL1)
      (EndFn ?INTERVAL2)))
    (equal ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2))

(instance earlier BinaryPredicate)
(instance earlier TemporalRelation)
(instance earlier TransitiveRelation)
(instance earlier IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain earlier 1 TimeInterval)
(domain earlier 2 TimeInterval)
(documentation earlier "(&%earlier ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that
the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 ends before the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2
begins.")

(<=>
    (earlier ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2)
    (before (EndFn ?INTERVAL1) (BeginFn ?INTERVAL2)))

(instance cooccur BinaryPredicate)
(instance cooccur TemporalRelation)
(instance cooccur EquivalenceRelation)
(domain cooccur 1 Physical)
(domain cooccur 2 Physical)
(documentation cooccur "(&%cooccur ?THING1 ?THING2) means that the
&%Object or &%Process ?THING1 occurs at the same time as, together with,
or jointly with the &%Object or &%Process ?THING2.  This covers the
following temporal relations:  is co-incident with, is concurrent with,
is contemporaneous with, and is concomitant with.")

(<=>
   (cooccur ?PHYS1 ?PHYS2)
   (equal (WhenFn ?PHYS1) (WhenFn ?PHYS2)))

;; The following functions generate &%TimeIntervals.

(instance TimeIntervalFn BinaryFunction)
(instance TimeIntervalFn TemporalRelation)
(domain TimeIntervalFn 1 TimePoint)
(domain TimeIntervalFn 2 TimePoint)
(range TimeIntervalFn TimeInterval)
(documentation TimeIntervalFn "A &%BinaryFunction that takes two &%TimePoints
as arguments and returns the &%TimeInterval defined by these two &%TimePoints.
Note that the first &%TimePoint must occur earlier than the second &%TimePoint.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?POINT1 TimePoint)
      (instance ?POINT2 TimePoint)
      (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
      (equal (TimeIntervalFn ?POINT1 ?POINT2) ?INTERVAL))
   (and
      (equal (BeginFn ?INTERVAL) ?POINT1)
      (equal (EndFn ?INTERVAL) ?POINT2)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?POINT1 TimePoint)
      (instance ?POINT2 TimePoint)
      (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
      (equal (TimeIntervalFn ?POINT1 ?POINT2) ?INTERVAL))
   (forall (?POINT)
      (<=>
         (temporallyBetweenOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT ?POINT2)
         (temporalPart ?POINT ?INTERVAL))))

(instance RecurrentTimeIntervalFn TemporalRelation)
(instance RecurrentTimeIntervalFn BinaryFunction)
(domainSubclass RecurrentTimeIntervalFn 1 TimeInterval)
(domainSubclass RecurrentTimeIntervalFn 2 TimeInterval)
(rangeSubclass RecurrentTimeIntervalFn TimeInterval)
(documentation RecurrentTimeIntervalFn "A function that is useful for generating
recurring time intervals.  For example, (&%RecurrentTimeIntervalFn (&%HourFn 6 &%Day)
(&%HourFn 12 &%Day)) returns the &%Class of &%TimeIntervals beginning at 6 in the
morning and ending at 12 noon.  For another example, (&%RecurrentTimeInterval
&%Saturday &%Sunday) returns the &%Class of all weekends.  For still another example,
(&%RecurrentTimeInterval &%June &%August) returns the &%Class containing the academic
summer period.")

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL (RecurrentTimeIntervalFn ?TIMECLASS1 ?TIMECLASS2))
   (exists (?TIME1 ?TIME2)
      (and
         (instance ?TIME1 ?TIMECLASS1)
         (instance ?TIME2 ?TIMECLASS2)
         (starts ?TIME1 ?INTERVAL)
         (finishes ?TIME2 ?INTERVAL))))

(instance WhenFn TemporalRelation)
(instance WhenFn UnaryFunction)
(instance WhenFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain WhenFn 1 Physical)
(range WhenFn TimeInterval)
(documentation WhenFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Object or
&%Process to the exact &%TimeInterval during which it exists.  Note
that, for every &%TimePoint ?TIME outside of the &%TimeInterval
(WhenFn ?THING), (time ?THING ?TIME) does not hold.")

(instance PastFn TemporalRelation)
(instance PastFn UnaryFunction)
(instance PastFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain PastFn 1 TimePosition)
(range PastFn TimeInterval)
(documentation PastFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition
to the &%TimeInterval that meets it and that begins at
&%NegativeInfinity.")

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
   (meetsTemporally (PastFn ?INTERVAL) ?INTERVAL))

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
   (equal (PastFn ?INTERVAL) (TimeIntervalFn NegativeInfinity (BeginFn ?INTERVAL))))

(instance ImmediatePastFn TemporalRelation)
(instance ImmediatePastFn UnaryFunction)
(instance ImmediatePastFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain ImmediatePastFn 1 TimePosition)
(range ImmediatePastFn TimeInterval)
(documentation ImmediatePastFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a
&%TimePosition to a short, indeterminate &%TimeInterval that
immediately precedes the &%TimePosition.")

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
   (finishes (ImmediatePastFn ?INTERVAL) (PastFn ?INTERVAL)))

(instance FutureFn TemporalRelation)
(instance FutureFn UnaryFunction)
(instance FutureFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain FutureFn 1 TimePosition)
(range FutureFn TimeInterval)
(documentation FutureFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition
to the &%TimeInterval which it meets and which ends at
&%PositiveInfinity.")

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
   (meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL (FutureFn ?INTERVAL)))

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
   (equal (FutureFn ?INTERVAL) (TimeIntervalFn (EndFn ?INTERVAL) PositiveInfinity)))

(instance ImmediateFutureFn TemporalRelation)
(instance ImmediateFutureFn UnaryFunction)
(instance ImmediateFutureFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain ImmediateFutureFn 1 TimePosition)
(range ImmediateFutureFn TimeInterval)
(documentation ImmediateFutureFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a
&%TimePosition to a short, indeterminate &%TimeInterval that
immediately follows the &%TimePosition.")

(=>
   (instance ?INTERVAL TimeInterval)
   (starts (ImmediateFutureFn ?INTERVAL) (FutureFn ?INTERVAL)))

;; The following definitions and axioms (down to the next section break)
;; cover the content in the Simple-Time ontology on the Ontolingua server.

(instance date BinaryPredicate)
(instance date SingleValuedRelation)
(instance date AsymmetricRelation)
(domain date 1 Physical)
(domain date 2 Day)
(subrelation date time)
(documentation date "A &%BinaryPredicate that specifies a
&%TimePosition in absolute calendar time, at the resolution
of one day, for a particular &%Object or &%Process.")

(instance YearFn TemporalRelation)
(instance YearFn UnaryFunction)
(domain YearFn 1 Integer)
(rangeSubclass YearFn Year)
(documentation YearFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a number to the corresponding calendar
&%Year.  For example, (&%YearFn 1912) returns the &%Class containing just one instance,
the year of 1912.  As might be expected, positive integers return years in the Common Era,
while negative integers return years in B.C.E.  Note that this function returns a &%Class
as a value.  The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. &%MonthFn, &%DayFn,
&%HourFn, &%MinuteFn, and &%SecondFn, are used to generate both specific &%TimeIntervals
and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of
these functions classes rather than individuals.")

(instance MonthFn TemporalRelation)
(instance MonthFn BinaryFunction)
(domainSubclass MonthFn 1 Month)
(domainSubclass MonthFn 2 Year)
(rangeSubclass MonthFn Month)
(documentation MonthFn "A &%BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of &%Month and a
subclass of &%Year to the class containing the &%Months corresponding to thos &%Years.
For example (&%MonthFn &%January (&%YearFn 1912)) is the class containing the eighth
&%Month, i.e. August, of the &%Year 1912.  For another example, (&%MonthFn &%August
&%Year) is equal to &%August, the class of all months of August.  Note that this function
returns a &%Class as a value.  The reason for this is that the related functions, viz.
DayFn, HourFn, MinuteFn, and SecondFn, are used to generate both specific &%TimeIntervals
and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of
these functions classes rather than individuals.")

(instance DayFn TemporalRelation)
(instance DayFn BinaryFunction)
(domain DayFn 1 PositiveRealNumber)
(domainSubclass DayFn 2 Month)
(rangeSubclass DayFn Day)
(documentation DayFn "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and
a subclass of &%Months to the &%Days within each &%Month corresponding to that
&%PositiveRealNumber.  For example, (&%DayFn 16 &%August) is the &%Class of all
sixteenth days of August.  For another example, (&%DayFn 9 &%Month) would return
the class of all ninth days of any month.  For still another example, (&%DayFn 18
(&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912))) denotes the 18th day of August 1912.")

(=>
   (instance ?DAY (DayFn ?NUMBER ?MONTH))
   (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 31))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 (DayFn ?NUMBER1 ?MONTH))
      (instance ?DAY2 (DayFn ?NUMBER2 ?MONTH))
      (equal (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1) 1))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(instance HourFn TemporalRelation)
(instance HourFn BinaryFunction)
(domain HourFn 1 PositiveRealNumber)
(domainSubclass HourFn 2 Day)
(rangeSubclass HourFn Hour)
(documentation HourFn "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and
a subclass of &%Days to the &%Hours within each &%Day corresponding to that
&%PositiveRealNumber.  For example, (&%HourFn 12 &%Thursday) is the &%Class of all
instances of noon Thursday.  For another example, (&%HourFn 24 &%Day) would return
the class of all instances of midnight.  For still another example, (&%HourFn 14
(&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912)))) denotes 2 PM on the 18th day of
August 1912.")

(=>
   (instance ?HOUR (HourFn ?NUMBER ?DAY))
   (lessThan ?NUMBER 24))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?HOUR1 (HourFn ?NUMBER1 ?DAY))
      (instance ?HOUR2 (HourFn ?NUMBER2 ?DAY))
      (equal (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1) 1))
   (meetsTemporally ?HOUR1 ?HOUR2))

(instance MinuteFn TemporalRelation)
(instance MinuteFn BinaryFunction)
(domain MinuteFn 1 PositiveRealNumber)
(domainSubclass MinuteFn 2 Hour)
(rangeSubclass MinuteFn Minute)
(documentation MinuteFn "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and
a subclass of &%Hours to the &%Minutes within each &%Hour corresponding to that
&%PositiveRealNumber.  For example, (&%MinuteFn 30 (&%HourFn 17 &%Day)) is the &%Class
of all 5:30's in the afternoon.  For another example, (&%MinuteFn 15 &%Hour) would return
the class of all instances of quarter past the hour.  For still another example,
(&%MinuteFn 15 (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn &%August (&%YearFn 1912))))) denotes
15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912.")

(=>
   (instance ?MINUTE (MinuteFn ?NUMBER ?HOUR))
   (lessThan ?NUMBER 60))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MINUTE1 (MinuteFn ?NUMBER1 ?HOUR))
      (instance ?MINUTE2 (MinuteFn ?NUMBER2 ?HOUR))
      (equal (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1) 1))
   (meetsTemporally ?MINUTE1 ?MINUTE2))

(instance SecondFn TemporalRelation)
(instance SecondFn BinaryFunction)
(domain SecondFn 1 PositiveRealNumber)
(domainSubclass SecondFn 2 Minute)
(rangeSubclass SecondFn Second)
(documentation SecondFn "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and a
subclass of &%Minutes to the &%Seconds within each &%Minute corresponding to that
&%PositiveRealNumber.  For example, (&%SecondFn 4 (&%MinuteFn 5 &%Hour)) is the &%Class
of all fourth &%Seconds of every fifth &%Minute of every hour.  For another example,
(&%SecondFn 8 &%Minute) would return the eighth second of every minute.  For still
another example, (&%SecondFn 9 (&%MinuteFn 15 (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn
&%August (&%YearFn 1912)))))) denotes 9 seconds and 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th
day of August 1912.")

(=>
   (instance ?SECOND (SecondFn ?NUMBER ?MINUTE))
   (lessThan ?NUMBER 60))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SECOND1 (SecondFn ?NUMBER1 ?MINUTE))
      (instance ?SECOND2 (SecondFn ?NUMBER2 ?MINUTE))
      (equal (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1) 1))
   (meetsTemporally ?SECOND1 ?SECOND2))

(subclass Year TimeInterval)
(relatedInternalConcept Year YearFn)
(relatedInternalConcept Year YearDuration)
(documentation Year "The &%Class of all calendar &%Years.")

(=>
   (instance ?YEAR Year)
   (duration ?YEAR (MeasureFn 1 YearDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?YEAR1 Year)
      (instance ?YEAR2 Year)
      (equal (SubtractionFn ?YEAR2 ?YEAR1) 1))
   (meetsTemporally ?YEAR1 ?YEAR2))

(subclass LeapYear Year)
(documentation LeapYear "The &%Class of all leap years.  These are years
which are either (i.) evenly divisible by 4 and not by 100 or (ii.) evenly
divisible by 400 (this latter case is known as a leap century).")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LEAP LeapYear)
      (equal ?LEAP (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Year)))
   (or
      (and
         (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER 4) 0)
         (not (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER 100) 0)))
      (equal (RemainderFn ?NUMBER 400) 0)))

(subclass Month TimeInterval)
(relatedInternalConcept Month MonthFn)
(documentation Month "The &%Class of all calendar &%Months.")

(subclass January Month)
(documentation January "The &%Class of all &%Months which are January.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH January)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn January ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn February ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass February Month)
(documentation February "The &%Class of all &%Months which are February.")

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MonthFn February ?YEAR) ?MONTH)
      (not (instance ?YEAR LeapYear)))
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 28 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal (MonthFn February ?YEAR) ?MONTH)
      (instance ?YEAR LeapYear))
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 29 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn February ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn March ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass March Month)
(documentation March "The &%Class of all &%Months which are March.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH March)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn March ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn April ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass April Month)
(documentation April "The &%Class of all &%Months which are April.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH April)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 30 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn April ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn May ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass May Month)
(documentation May "The &%Class of all &%Months which are May.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH May)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn May ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn June ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass June Month)
(documentation June "The &%Class of all &%Months which are June.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH June)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 30 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn June ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn July ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass July Month)
(documentation July "The &%Class of all &%Months which are July.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH July)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn July ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn August ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass August Month)
(documentation August "The &%Class of all &%Months which are August.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH August)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn August ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn September ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass September Month)
(documentation September "The &%Class of all &%Months which are September.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH September)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 30 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn September ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn October ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass October Month)
(documentation October "The &%Class of all &%Months which are October.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH October)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn October ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn November ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass November Month)
(documentation November "The &%Class of all &%Months which are November.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH November)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 30 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn November ?YEAR))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn December ?YEAR)))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass December Month)
(documentation December "The &%Class of all &%Months which are December.")

(=>
   (instance ?MONTH December)
   (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn 31 DayDuration)))

(=>
   (and
      (equal ?MONTH1 (MonthFn December ?YEAR1))
      (equal ?MONTH2 (MonthFn January ?YEAR2))
      (meetsTemporally ?YEAR1 ?YEAR2))
   (meetsTemporally ?MONTH1 ?MONTH2))

(subclass Day TimeInterval)
(relatedInternalConcept Day DayFn)
(relatedInternalConcept Day DayDuration)
(documentation Day "The &%Class of all calendar &%Days.")

(=>
   (instance ?DAY Day)
   (duration ?DAY (MeasureFn 1 DayDuration)))

(subclass Monday Day)
(documentation Monday "The &%Class of all calendar Mondays.")

(subclass Tuesday Day)
(documentation Tuesday "The &%Class of all calendar Tuesdays.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Monday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Tuesday)
      (instance ?WEEK Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(subclass Wednesday Day)
(documentation Wednesday "The &%Class of all calendar Wednesdays.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Tuesday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Wednesday)
      (instance ?WEEK Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(subclass Thursday Day)
(documentation Thursday "The &%Class of all calendar Thursdays.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Wednesday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Thursday)
      (instance ?WEEK Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(subclass Friday Day)
(documentation Friday "The &%Class of all calendar Fridays.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Thursday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Friday)
      (instance ?WEEK Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(subclass Saturday Day)
(documentation Saturday "The &%Class of all calendar Saturdays.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Friday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Saturday)
      (instance ?WEEK Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(subclass Sunday Day)
(documentation Sunday "The &%Class of all calendar Sundays.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Saturday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Sunday)
      (instance ?WEEK Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DAY1 Sunday)
      (instance ?DAY2 Monday)
      (instance ?WEEK1 Week)
      (instance ?WEEK2 Week)
      (temporalPart ?DAY1 ?WEEK1)
      (temporalPart ?DAY2 ?WEEK2)
      (meetsTemporally ?WEEK1 ?WEEK2))
   (meetsTemporally ?DAY1 ?DAY2))

(subclass Week TimeInterval)
(documentation Week "The &%Class of all calendar weeks.")

(=>
   (instance ?WEEK Week)
   (duration ?WEEK (MeasureFn 1 WeekDuration)))

(subclass Hour TimeInterval)
(relatedInternalConcept Hour HourFn)
(relatedInternalConcept Hour HourDuration)
(documentation Hour "The &%Class of all clock &%Hours.")

(=>
   (instance ?HOUR Hour)
   (duration ?HOUR (MeasureFn 1 HourDuration)))

(subclass Minute TimeInterval)
(relatedInternalConcept Minute MinuteFn)
(relatedInternalConcept Minute MinuteDuration)
(documentation Minute "The &%Class of all clock &%Minutes.")

(=>
   (instance ?MINUTE Minute)
   (duration ?MINUTE (MeasureFn 1 MinuteDuration)))

(subclass Second TimeInterval)
(relatedInternalConcept Second SecondDuration)
(relatedInternalConcept Second SecondFn)
(documentation Second "The &%Class of all clock &%Seconds.")

(=>
   (instance ?SECOND Second)
   (duration ?SECOND (MeasureFn 1 SecondDuration)))

(instance TemporalCompositionFn TemporalRelation)
(instance TemporalCompositionFn BinaryFunction)
(domain TemporalCompositionFn 1 TimeInterval)
(domainSubclass TemporalCompositionFn 2 TimeInterval)
(rangeSubclass TemporalCompositionFn TimeInterval)
(documentation TemporalCompositionFn "The basic &%Function for expressing
the composition of larger &%TimeIntervals out of smaller &%TimeIntervals.
For example, if &%ThisSeptember is an &%instance of &%September,
(&%TemporalCompositionFn &%ThisSeptember &%Day) denotes the &%Class of
consecutive days that make up &%ThisSeptember.  Note that one can obtain
the number of instances of this &%Class by using the function &%CardinalityFn.")

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (forall (?TIME1 ?TIME2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?TIME1 ?INTERVAL-TYPE)
            (instance ?TIME2 ?CLASS))
         (exists (?DURATION)
            (and
               (duration ?TIME1 ?DURATION)
               (duration ?TIME2 ?DURATION))))))

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (forall (?TIME1 ?TIME2)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?TIME1 ?CLASS)
            (instance ?TIME2 ?CLASS)
            (not (equal ?TIME1 ?TIME2)))
         (or
            (meetsTemporally ?TIME1 ?TIME2)
            (meetsTemporally ?TIME2 ?TIME1)
            (earlier ?TIME1 ?TIME2)
            (earlier ?TIME2 ?TIME1)))))

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (exists (?TIME)
      (and
         (instance ?TIME ?CLASS)
         (starts ?TIME ?INTERVAL))))

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (exists (?TIME)
      (and
         (instance ?TIME ?CLASS)
         (finishes ?TIME ?INTERVAL))))

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (forall (?TIME1)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?TIME1 ?CLASS)
            (not (finishes ?TIME1 ?INTERVAL)))
         (exists (?TIME2)
            (and
               (instance ?TIME2 ?CLASS)
               (meetsTemporally ?TIME1 ?TIME2))))))

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (forall (?TIME1)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?TIME1 ?CLASS)
            (not (starts ?TIME1 ?INTERVAL)))
         (exists (?TIME2)
            (and
               (instance ?TIME2 ?CLASS)
               (meetsTemporally ?TIME2 ?TIME1))))))

(=>
   (equal (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE) ?CLASS)
   (forall (?TIME)
      (=>
         (and
            (instance ?TIME TimePoint)
            (temporalPart ?TIME ?INTERVAL))
         (exists (?INSTANCE)
            (and
               (instance ?INSTANCE ?CLASS)
               (temporalPart ?TIME ?INSTANCE))))))

(=>
   (instance ?YEAR Year)
   (equal (CardinalityFn (TemporalCompositionFn ?YEAR Month)) 12))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MONTH Month)
      (duration ?MONTH (MeasureFn ?NUMBER DayDuration)))
   (equal (CardinalityFn (TemporalCompositionFn ?MONTH Day)) ?NUMBER))

(=>
   (instance ?WEEK Week)
   (equal (CardinalityFn (TemporalCompositionFn ?WEEK Day)) 7))

(=>
   (instance ?DAY Day)
   (equal (CardinalityFn (TemporalCompositionFn ?DAY Hour)) 24))

(=>
   (instance ?HOUR Hour)
   (equal (CardinalityFn (TemporalCompositionFn ?HOUR Minute)) 60))

(=>
   (instance ?MINUTE Minute)
   (equal (CardinalityFn (TemporalCompositionFn ?MINUTE Second)) 60))


;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; MEREOTOPOLOGY ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'STRUCTURAL ONTOLOGY'
;; INCLUDES 'BASE ONTOLOGY'

;; Most of this content is taken from Barry Smith's and Nicola Guarino's
;; papers on the subject.

(instance connected BinaryPredicate)
(instance connected SpatialRelation)
(instance connected ReflexiveRelation)
(instance connected SymmetricRelation)
(domain connected 1 Object)
(domain connected 2 Object)
(documentation connected "(connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1
&%meetsSpatially ?OBJ2 or that ?OBJ1 &%overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2.")

(=>
     (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
     (or
          (meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
          (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(<=>
        (instance ?OBJ SelfConnectedObject)
        (forall (?PART1 ?PART2)
                (=>
                        (equal ?OBJ (MereologicalSumFn ?PART1 ?PART2))
                        (connected ?PART1 ?PART2))))

(instance connects SpatialRelation)
(instance connects TernaryPredicate)
(domain connects 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain connects 2 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain connects 3 SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation connects "The relationship between three things, when one of
the three things connects the other two.  More formally, (&%connects ?OBJ1
?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that (&%connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (&%connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ3)
and not (&%connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3).")

(<=>
   (connects ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3)
   (and
      (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ3)
      (not
         (connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3))))

(subrelation meetsSpatially connected)
(instance meetsSpatially IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance meetsSpatially SymmetricRelation)
(disjointRelation meetsSpatially overlapsSpatially)
(documentation meetsSpatially "(&%meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that
?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 are &%connected but that neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2
&%overlapsSpatially the other.")

(subrelation overlapsSpatially connected)
(instance overlapsSpatially ReflexiveRelation)
(instance overlapsSpatially SymmetricRelation)
(documentation overlapsSpatially "(&%overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means
that the &%Objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have some parts in common.  This is a
reflexive and symmetric (but not transitive) relation.")

(<=>
        (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
        (exists (?OBJ3)
                (and
                (part ?OBJ3 ?OBJ1)
                (part ?OBJ3 ?OBJ2))))

(=>
   (and
      (member ?OBJ1 ?COLL)
      (member ?OBJ2 ?COLL)
        (not (equal ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))
   (not
         (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REL CaseRole)
      (instance ?OBJ Object)
      (holds ?REL ?PROCESS ?OBJ))
   (exists (?TIME)
      (overlapsSpatially (WhereFn ?PROCESS ?TIME) ?OBJ)))

(instance overlapsPartially SymmetricRelation)
(instance overlapsPartially IrreflexiveRelation)
(subrelation overlapsPartially overlapsSpatially)
(documentation overlapsPartially "(&%overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means
that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have part(s) in common, but neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2
is a &%part of the other.")

(<=>
   (overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (and
         (not (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
         (not (part ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))
         (exists (?OBJ3)
            (and
               (part ?OBJ3 ?OBJ1)
               (part ?OBJ3 ?OBJ2)))))

(subrelation superficialPart part)
(instance superficialPart IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance superficialPart TransitiveRelation)
(documentation superficialPart "(&%superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 that has no interior parts of its own
(or, intuitively, that only overlaps those parts of ?OBJ2 that are
externally connected with the mereological complement of ?OBJ2). This too
is a transitive relation closed under &%MereologicalSumFn and
&%MereologicalProductFn.")

(=>
        (superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
        (and
                (not
                        (interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
                (not
                        (exists (?OBJ3)
                                (interiorPart ?OBJ3 ?OBJ1)))))

(instance surface AsymmetricRelation)
(subrelation surface superficialPart)
(domain surface 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain surface 2 SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation surface "(&%surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1
is a maximally connected &%superficialPart of ?OBJ2.  Note that some
&%SelfConnectedObjects have more than one surface, e.g. a hollow
object like a tennis ball has both an inner and an outer surface.")

(=>
   (surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
   (forall (?OBJ3)
      (=>
           (superficialPart ?OBJ3 ?OBJ2)
           (part ?OBJ3 ?OBJ1))))

(subrelation interiorPart part)
(instance interiorPart AsymmetricRelation)
(instance interiorPart TransitiveRelation)
(documentation interiorPart "(&%interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means
that ?OBJ1 is part ?OBJ2 and there is no overlap between ?OBJ1 and
any &%superficialPart ?OBJ2.")

(=>
        (interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
        (forall (?PART)
                (=>
                        (superficialPart ?PART ?OBJ2)
                        (not
                                (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?PART)))))

(subrelation bottom superficialPart)
(domain bottom 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain bottom 2 SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation bottom "(&%bottom ?BOTTOM ?OBJECT) holds if ?BOTTOM is the
lowest or deepest maximal superficial part of ?OBJECT.")

(=>
        (and
                (bottom ?BOTTOM ?OBJECT)
                (part ?PART ?OBJECT)
                (not (connected ?PART ?BOTTOM)))
        (orientation ?PART ?BOTTOM Above))

(subrelation top superficialPart)
(domain top 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain top 2 SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation top "(&%top ?TOP ?OBJECT) means that ?TOP is the highest maximal
superficial part of ?OBJECT.")

(=>
        (and
                (top ?TOP ?OBJECT)
                (part ?PART ?OBJECT)
                (not (connected ?PART ?TOP)))
        (orientation ?PART ?TOP Below))

(subrelation side superficialPart)
(domain side 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain side 2 SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation side "(&%side ?SIDE ?OBJECT) means that ?SIDE is a side of the object,
as opposed to the &%top or &%bottom.")

(=>
        (and
                (side ?SIDE ?OBJECT)
                (part ?PART ?OBJECT)
                (not (connected ?PART ?SIDE)))
      (exists (?DIRECT)
              (orientation ?SIDE ?PART ?DIRECT)))

(<=>
        (width ?OBJECT ?WIDTH)
        (exists (?SIDE1 ?SIDE2)
                (and
                        (side ?SIDE1 ?OBJECT)
                        (side ?SIDE2 ?OBJECT)
                        (distance ?SIDE1 ?SIDE2 ?WIDTH))))

(=>
        (and
                (height ?OBJECT ?HEIGHT)
                (top ?TOP ?OBJECT)
            (bottom ?BOTTOM ?OBJECT))
        (distance ?TOP ?BOTTOM ?HEIGHT))

(instance MereologicalSumFn SpatialRelation)
(instance MereologicalSumFn BinaryFunction)
(instance MereologicalSumFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain MereologicalSumFn 1 Object)
(domain MereologicalSumFn 2 Object)
(range MereologicalSumFn Object)
(relatedInternalConcept MereologicalSumFn MereologicalProductFn)
(relatedInternalConcept MereologicalSumFn MereologicalDifferenceFn)
(documentation MereologicalSumFn "(&%MereologicalSumFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to either
?OBJ1 or ?OBJ2.")

(=>
     (equal ?OBJ3 (MereologicalSumFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
     (forall (?PART)
               (<=>
                    (part ?PART ?OBJ3)
                      (or
                           (part ?PART ?OBJ1)
                             (part ?PART ?OBJ2)))))

(instance MereologicalProductFn SpatialRelation)
(instance MereologicalProductFn BinaryFunction)
(instance MereologicalProductFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain MereologicalProductFn 1 Object)
(domain MereologicalProductFn 2 Object)
(range MereologicalProductFn Object)
(relatedInternalConcept MereologicalProductFn MereologicalDifferenceFn)
(documentation MereologicalProductFn "(&%MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to both ?OBJ1
and ?OBJ2.")

(=>
     (equal ?OBJ3 (MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
     (forall (?PART)
               (<=>
                    (part ?PART ?OBJ3)
                      (and
                           (part ?PART ?OBJ1)
                             (part ?PART ?OBJ2)))))

(instance MereologicalDifferenceFn SpatialRelation)
(instance MereologicalDifferenceFn BinaryFunction)
(instance MereologicalDifferenceFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain MereologicalDifferenceFn 1 Object)
(domain MereologicalDifferenceFn 2 Object)
(range MereologicalDifferenceFn Object)
(documentation MereologicalDifferenceFn "(&%MereologicalDifferenceFn ?OBJ1
?OBJ2) denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to ?OBJ1
and not to ?OBJ2.")

(=>
     (equal ?OBJ3 (MereologicalDifferenceFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
     (forall (?PART)
               (<=>
                    (part ?PART ?OBJ3)
                      (and
                           (part ?PART ?OBJ1)
                       (not
                                  (part ?PART ?OBJ2))))))

;; What follows is an alignment of Casati and Varzi's formal theory of
;; holes with the SUMO.

(instance hole BinaryPredicate)
(instance hole SpatialRelation)
(instance hole AsymmetricRelation)
(domain hole 1 Hole)
(domain hole 2 SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation hole "(&%hole ?HOLE ?OBJ) means that ?HOLE is a
&%Hole in ?OBJ.  A &%Hole is a fillable body located at the
&%surface an &%Object.")

(subclass Hole Region)

(documentation Hole "A hole is an immaterial body located at the surface
of an &%Object.  Since every &%Hole is ontologically dependent on its host
(i.e., the object in which it is a hole), being a &%Hole is defined as
being a &%hole in something.  Note that two &%Holes may occupy the same
region, or part of the same region, without sharing any parts.  Any two hosts of a hole have a common proper part that entirely hosts
the hole. A common host of two holes hosts all parts of the sum of those holes.
Any object that includes the host of a hole is a host of that hole,
unless its parts also include parts of that very hole.
Overlapping holes have overlapping hosts. No hole is atomic.
Holes are connected with their hosts. No hole can have a proper part that
is externally connected with exactly the same things as the hole itself.")

(<=>
        (instance ?HOLE Hole)
        (exists (?OBJ)
                (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ)))

(=>
        (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ)
      (not
                (instance ?OBJ Hole)))

(=>
        (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ)
          (not
                 (overlapsSpatially ?HOLE ?OBJ)))

(=>
        (and
                (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ1)
            (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ2))
      (exists (?OBJ3)
             (and
                        (properPart ?OBJ3 (MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
                  (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ3))))

(=>
        (and
                (hole ?HOLE1 ?OBJ)
        (hole ?HOLE2 ?OBJ))
        (forall (?HOLE3)
                (=>
                        (part ?HOLE3 (MereologicalSumFn ?HOLE1 ?HOLE2))
                  (hole ?HOLE3 ?OBJ))))

(=>
        (and
                (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ1)
            (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
      (or
                (overlapsSpatially ?HOLE ?OBJ2)
            (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ2)))

(=>
        (and
                (hole ?HOLE1 ?OBJ1)
            (hole ?HOLE2 ?OBJ2)
            (overlapsSpatially ?HOLE1 ?HOLE2))
      (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))

(=>
        (instance ?HOLE1 Hole)
      (exists (?HOLE2)
        (properPart ?HOLE2 ?HOLE1)))

(instance HoleHostFn SpatialRelation)
(instance HoleHostFn UnaryFunction)
(instance HoleHostFn TotalValuedRelation)
(instance HoleHostFn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain HoleHostFn 1 Hole)
(range HoleHostFn Object)
(documentation HoleHostFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Hole to
the &%Object which is its principal host.  The principle host of a &%Hole
is its maximally connected host (a notion taken here to be defined only
when the argument is a hole).")

(=>
     (equal ?OBJ1 (HoleHostFn ?HOLE))
     (forall (?OBJ2)
                (<=>
                        (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1)
                        (exists (?OBJ3)
                                (and
                                        (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ3)
                                      (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3))))))

(=>
        (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ)
      (connected ?HOLE ?OBJ))

(=>
        (and
                (instance ?HOLE1 Hole)
            (properPart ?HOLE2 ?HOLE1))
      (exists (?OBJ)
            (and
                        (meetsSpatially ?HOLE1 ?OBJ)
                  (not
                                (meetsSpatially ?HOLE2 ?OBJ)))))

(instance Fillable ShapeAttribute)
(documentation Fillable "Something is &%Fillable if it can be filled by
something else.  Note that 'filled' here means perfectly filled.
Something is fillable just in case it is part of a hole; i.e.,
fillability is an exclusive property of holes and their parts.")

(=>
   (exists (?TIME)
      (holdsDuring ?TIME
         (fills ?OBJ ?HOLE)))
     (attribute ?HOLE Fillable))

(<=>
        (attribute ?HOLE1 Fillable)
        (exists (?HOLE2)
                (and
                        (instance ?HOLE2 Hole)
                  (part ?HOLE1 ?HOLE2))))

(subrelation partiallyFills located)
(instance partiallyFills SpatialRelation)
(instance partiallyFills AsymmetricRelation)
(domain partiallyFills 1 Object)
(domain partiallyFills 2 Hole)
(documentation partiallyFills "(&%partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that
?OBJ &%completelyFills some part of ?HOLE. Note that if (&%partiallyFills
?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (&%part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (&%partiallyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE).
Note too that a partial filler need not be wholly inside a hole (it may
stick out), which means that every complete filler also qualifies as
(is a limit case of) a partial one.")

(=>
        (partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE1)
        (exists (?HOLE2)
                (and
                        (part ?HOLE2 ?HOLE1)
                        (completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE2))))

(instance properlyFills AsymmetricRelation)
(subrelation properlyFills partiallyFills)
(domain properlyFills 1 Object)
(domain properlyFills 2 Hole)
(documentation properlyFills "(&%properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE)
means that ?HOLE is properly (though perhaps incompletely) filled by
?OBJ, i.e. some part of ?HOLE is perfectly filled by ?OBJ.  Note that
&%properlyFills is the dual of &%completelyFills, and is so
related to &%partiallyFills that ?OBJ &%properlyFills ?HOLE just in
case ?OBJ &%partiallyFills every part of ?HOLE.  (Thus, every perfect
filler is both complete and proper in this sense).
Every hole is connected with everything with which a proper filler
of the hole is connected. Every proper part of a perfect filler of (a part of) a hole properly
fills (that part of) that hole.")

(=>
        (properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE1)
        (exists (?HOLE2)
                (and
                        (part ?HOLE2 ?HOLE1)
                        (fills ?OBJ ?HOLE2))))

(instance completelyFills AsymmetricRelation)
(subrelation completelyFills partiallyFills)
(documentation completelyFills "(&%completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE)
means that some &%part of the &%Object ?OBJ fills the &%Hole ?HOLE.
Note that if (&%completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (&%part
?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (&%completelyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE).
A complete filler of (a part of) a hole is connected with everything
with which (that part of) the hole itself is connected.
A perfect filler of (a part of) a hole completely fills every proper
part of (that part of) that hole.")

(=>
        (completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE)
        (exists (?OBJ2)
                (and
                        (part ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1)
                        (fills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE))))

(instance fills AsymmetricRelation)
(subrelation fills completelyFills)
(subrelation fills properlyFills)
(domain fills 1 Object)
(domain fills 2 Hole)
(relatedInternalConcept fills Fillable)
(documentation fills "Holes can be filled.  (&%fills ?OBJ ?HOLE)
means that the &%Object ?OBJ fills the &%Hole ?HOLE.  Note that
&%fills here means perfectly filled. Perfect fillers and fillable entities have no parts in common (rather,
they may occupy the same spatial region).")

(=>
        (and
                (fills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE)
                (attribute ?OBJ2 Fillable))
      (not
                (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(=>
   (completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE)
      (forall (?OBJ2)
           (=>
              (connected ?OBJ2 ?HOLE)
            (connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))))

(=>
        (and
                (properlyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE)
                (connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))
        (connected ?HOLE ?OBJ2))

(=>
        (and
                (fills ?OBJ ?HOLE1)
            (properPart ?HOLE2 ?HOLE1))
        (completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE2))

(=>
        (and
                (fills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE)
            (properPart ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))
        (properlyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE))

(instance HoleSkinFn SpatialRelation)
(instance HoleSkinFn UnaryFunction)
(instance HoleSkinFn TotalValuedRelation)
(instance HoleSkinFn AsymmetricRelation)
(domain HoleSkinFn 1 Hole)
(range HoleSkinFn Object)
(documentation HoleSkinFn "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Hole to the skin
of the &%Hole.  The skin of a &%Hole is the fusion of those superficial
parts (see &%superficialPart) of the &%Hole's principal host (see
&%HoleHostFn) with which the &%Hole is externally connected.")

(=>
     (equal ?OBJ1 (HoleSkinFn ?HOLE))
     (forall (?OBJ2)
                (<=>
                        (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1)
                        (exists (?OBJ3)
                                (and
                                      (superficialPart ?OBJ3 (HoleHostFn ?HOLE))
                                      (meetsSpatially ?HOLE ?OBJ3)
                                      (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3))))))

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;    PROCESSES    ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'TEMPORAL CONCEPTS'
;; INCLUDES 'OBJECTS'
;; INCLUDES 'QUALITIES'

(instance subProcess BinaryPredicate)
(instance subProcess PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subProcess 1 Process)
(domain subProcess 2 Process)
(documentation subProcess "(&%subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC) means that ?SUBPROC
is a subprocess of ?PROC.  A subprocess is here understood as a temporally
distinguished part (proper or not) of a &%Process.")

(=>
   (subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC)
   (temporalPart (WhenFn ?SUBPROC) (WhenFn ?PROC)))

(=>
   (subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC)
   (forall (?REGION)
      (=>
         (located ?PROC ?REGION)
         (located ?SUBPROC ?REGION))))

(=>
        (and
            (instance ?PROC Process)
            (subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC))
        (exists (?TIME)
            (time ?SUBPROC ?TIME)))

;; The following formulas cover the hierarchy of &%Classes under
;; &%BiologicalProcess.

(subclass BiologicalProcess InternalChange)
(documentation BiologicalProcess "A &%Process embodied in an &%Organism.")

(=>
   (instance ?PROC BiologicalProcess)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ Organism)
         (located ?PROC ?OBJ))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROC BiologicalProcess)
      (experiencer ?PROC ?ORG))
   (instance ?ORG Organism))

(subclass PhysiologicProcess BiologicalProcess)
(documentation PhysiologicProcess "A normal process of an &%Organism
or part of an &%Organism.")

(subclass AutonomicProcess PhysiologicProcess)
(disjoint AutonomicProcess IntentionalProcess)
(documentation AutonomicProcess "The class of &%PhysiologicProcesses of
which there is not conscious awareness and control.")

(subclass OrganOrTissueProcess AutonomicProcess)
(disjoint OrganOrTissueProcess OrganismProcess)
(documentation OrganOrTissueProcess "A &%PhysiologicProcess of a
particular &%Organ or &%Tissue.")

(=>
    (instance ?PROC OrganOrTissueProcess)
    (exists (?THING)
        (and
            (located ?PROC ?THING)
            (or
                (instance ?THING Organ)
                (instance ?THING Tissue)))))

(subclass OrganismProcess PhysiologicProcess)
(documentation OrganismProcess "A physiologic function of the
&%Organism as a whole, of multiple organ systems or of multiple
&%Organs or &%Tissues.")

(subclass Birth OrganismProcess)
(documentation Birth "The &%Process of being born.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?BIRTH Birth)
      (experiencer ?BIRTH ?AGENT))
   (exists (?DEATH)
      (and
         (instance ?DEATH Death)
         (experiencer ?DEATH ?AGENT))))

(subclass Death OrganismProcess)
(documentation Death "The &%Process of dying.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DEATH Death)
      (experiencer ?DEATH ?AGENT))
   (holdsDuring (FutureFn (WhenFn ?DEATH)) (attribute ?AGENT Dead)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DEATH Death)
      (instance ?BIRTH Birth)
      (experiencer ?DEATH ?AGENT)
      (experiencer ?BIRTH ?AGENT))
   (exists (?TIME)
      (and
         (meetsTemporally (WhenFn ?BIRTH) ?TIME)
         (meetsTemporally ?TIME (WhenFn ?DEATH))
         (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?AGENT Living)))))

(subclass Breathing OrganismProcess)
(subclass Breathing AutonomicProcess)
(documentation Breathing "The &%Process of respiration, by which oxygen
is made available to an &%Animal.  This covers processes of inhalation,
exhalation, and alternations between the two.")

(subclass Ingesting OrganismProcess)
(documentation Ingesting "The &%Process by which &%Food is
taken into an &%Animal.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ACT Ingesting)
      (patient ?ACT ?FOOD))
   (instance ?FOOD Food))

(subclass Eating Ingesting)
(documentation Eating "The &%Process by which solid &%Food is
incorporated into an &%Animal.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ACT Eating)
      (patient ?ACT ?FOOD))
   (attribute ?FOOD Solid))

(subclass Drinking Ingesting)
(documentation Drinking "The &%Process by which liquid &%Food, i.e.
&%Beverages, are incorporated into an &%Animal.")

(subclass Digesting OrganismProcess)
(subclass Digesting AutonomicProcess)
(documentation Digesting "The &%Process by which &%Food that has been
ingested is broken down into simpler chemical compounds and absorbed by
the &%Organism.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DIGEST Digesting)
      (agent ?DIGEST ?ORGANISM))
   (exists (?INGEST)
      (and
         (instance ?INGEST Ingesting)
         (agent ?INGEST ?ORGANISM)
         (overlapsTemporally (WhenFn ?INGEST) (WhenFn ?DIGEST)))))

(=>
   (instance ?DIGEST Digesting)
   (exists (?DECOMP)
      (and
         (instance ?DECOMP ChemicalDecomposition)
         (subProcess ?DECOMP ?DIGEST))))

(subclass Growth AutonomicProcess)
(documentation Growth "The &%Process of biological development in which
an &%Organism or part of an &%Organism changes its form or its size.")

(subclass Replication OrganismProcess)
(documentation Replication "The &%Process of biological reproduction.
This can be either a sexual or an asexual process.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REP Replication)
      (agent ?REP ?PARENT)
      (result ?REP ?CHILD))
   (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT))

(=>
   (instance ?REP Replication)
   (exists (?BODY)
      (and
         (instance ?BODY ReproductiveBody)
         (result ?REP ?BODY))))

(subclass SexualReproduction Replication)
(disjoint SexualReproduction AsexualReproduction)
(documentation SexualReproduction "Sexual &%Processes of biological
reproduction.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REP SexualReproduction)
      (result ?REP ?ORGANISM))
   (exists (?MOTHER ?FATHER)
      (and
         (mother ?ORGANISM ?MOTHER)
         (father ?ORGANISM ?FATHER))))

(subclass AsexualReproduction Replication)
(documentation AsexualReproduction "Asexual &%Processes of biological
reproduction.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REP AsexualReproduction)
      (result ?REP ?ORGANISM))
   (not (exists (?PARENT1 ?PARENT2)
      (and
         (parent ?ORGANISM ?PARENT1)
         (parent ?ORGANISM ?PARENT2)
         (not (equal ?PARENT1 ?PARENT2))))))

(subclass PsychologicalProcess BiologicalProcess)
(documentation PsychologicalProcess "A &%BiologicalProcess which takes place in
the mind or brain of an &%Organism and which may be manifested in the behavior
of the &%Organism.")

(=>
    (instance ?PROCESS PsychologicalProcess)
    (exists (?ANIMAL)
        (and
            (instance ?ANIMAL Animal)
            (experiencer ?PROCESS ?ANIMAL))))

(subclass PathologicProcess BiologicalProcess)
(disjoint PathologicProcess PhysiologicProcess)
(documentation PathologicProcess "A disordered process, activity, or
state of the &%Organism as a whole, of a body system or systems, or of
multiple &%Organs or &%Tissues. Included here are normal responses to a
negative stimulus as well as patholologic conditions or states that are
less specific than a disease. Pathologic functions frequently have
systemic effects.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PATH PathologicProcess)
      (experiencer ?PATH ?ORG))
   (exists (?PART ?DISEASE)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?ORG)
         (instance ?DISEASE DiseaseOrSyndrome)
         (attribute ?PART ?DISEASE))))

(subclass Injuring PathologicProcess)
(subclass Injuring Damaging)
(documentation Injuring "The process of creating a traumatic wound or
injury.  Since &%Injuring is not possible without some biologic function
of the organism being injured, it is a subclass of &%BiologicalProcess.")

(=>
    (instance ?INJ Injuring)
    (exists (?STRUCT)
        (and
            (instance ?STRUCT AnatomicalStructure)
            (patient ?INJ ?STRUCT))))

(<=>
   (instance ?INJ Injuring)
   (and
      (instance ?INJ Damaging)
      (exists (?ORGANISM)
         (and
            (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
            (patient ?INJ ?ORGANISM)))))

(subclass Poisoning Injuring)
(documentation Poisoning "A &%Poisoning is caused by an external
substance.  Since &%Poisoning is not possible without some biologic
function which affects the &%Organism being injured, it is a subclass
of &%BiologicalProcess.")

(=>
    (instance ?POISON Poisoning)
    (exists (?THING)
        (and
            (patient ?POISON ?THING)
            (or
                (instance ?THING Organism)
                (instance ?THING AnatomicalStructure)))))

(=>
    (instance ?POISON Poisoning)
    (exists (?SUBSTANCE)
        (and
                (instance ?SUBSTANCE BiologicallyActiveSubstance)
            (instrument ?POISON ?SUBSTANCE))))


(subclass IntentionalProcess Process)
(documentation IntentionalProcess "A &%Process that has a specific
purpose for the &%CognitiveAgent who performs it.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROC IntentionalProcess)
      (agent ?PROC ?AGENT))
   (exists (?PURP)
      (hasPurposeForAgent ?PROC ?PURP ?AGENT)))

(=>
   (instance ?PROC IntentionalProcess)
   (exists (?AGENT)
      (and
         (instance ?AGENT CognitiveAgent)
         (agent ?PROC ?AGENT))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROC IntentionalProcess)
      (agent ?PROC ?HUMAN)
      (instance ?HUMAN Animal))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?PROC) (attribute ?HUMAN Awake)))

(subclass IntentionalPsychologicalProcess IntentionalProcess)
(subclass IntentionalPsychologicalProcess PsychologicalProcess)
(documentation IntentionalPsychologicalProcess "An &%IntentionalProcess that
can be realized entirely within the mind or brain of an &%Organism.  Thus,
for example, &%Reasoning is a subclass of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcess,
because one can reason simply by exercising one's mind/brain.  On the other
hand, &%RecreationOrExercise is not a subclass of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcess,
because many instances of &%RecreationOrExercise necessarily have &%subProcesses
of &%BodyMotion.")

(subclass RecreationOrExercise IntentionalProcess)
(documentation RecreationOrExercise "A &%Process that is carried out for
the purpose of recreation or exercise.  Since &%RecreationOrExercise is a
subclass of &%IntentionalProcess, the intent of a process determines whether
or not it is an instance of the class.  Hence, if John and Bill watch the same
program on television, and John watches it to relax while Bill watches it solely
to satisfy an educational requirement, then John's watching the movie is an
instance of &%RecreationOrExercise, while Bill's is not (both cases of
watching the television program would however be in the class of &%Seeing, since
being an instance of this latter class is not determined by intention).")

(subclass OrganizationalProcess IntentionalProcess)
(documentation OrganizationalProcess "An &%IntentionalProcess that
involves an &%Organization.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ACT OrganizationalProcess)
      (agent ?ACT ?AGENT))
   (or
      (instance ?AGENT Organization)
      (exists (?ORG)
         (and
            (instance ?ORG Organization)
            (member ?AGENT ?ORG)))))

(subclass Election OrganizationalProcess)
(documentation Election "&%Election is the class of events conducted by an
organization, in which qualified participants vote for officers, adopt
resolutions, or settle other issues in that &%Organization.")

(subclass ReligiousProcess OrganizationalProcess)
(documentation ReligiousProcess "An &%OrganizationalProcess that is
carried out within or by a &%ReligiousOrganization.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ACT ReligiousProcess)
      (agent ?ACT ?AGENT))
   (or
      (instance ?AGENT ReligiousOrganization)
      (exists (?ORG)
         (and
            (member ?AGENT ?ORG)
            (instance ?ORG ReligiousOrganization)))))

(subclass JoiningAnOrganization OrganizationalProcess)
(documentation JoiningAnOrganization "The &%OrganizationalProcess of
becoming a &%member of an &%Organization.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?JOIN JoiningAnOrganization)
      (instance ?ORG Organization)
      (agent ?JOIN ?PERSON)
      (patient ?JOIN ?ORG))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?JOIN)) (not (member ?PERSON ?ORG)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?JOIN)) (member ?PERSON ?ORG))))

(subclass LeavingAnOrganization OrganizationalProcess)
(disjoint LeavingAnOrganization JoiningAnOrganization)
(documentation LeavingAnOrganization "The &%OrganizationalProcess of
leaving an &%Organization, whether voluntarily or involuntarily.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LEAVE LeavingAnOrganization)
      (instance ?ORG Organization)
      (agent ?LEAVE ?PERSON)
      (patient ?LEAVE ?ORG))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?LEAVE)) (member ?PERSON ?ORG))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?LEAVE)) (not (member ?PERSON ?ORG)))))

(subclass Graduation LeavingAnOrganization)
(documentation Graduation "The &%OrganizationalProcess of graduating
from an &%EducationalOrganization.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GRAD Graduation)
      (agent ?GRAD ?ORG)
      (patient ?GRAD ?PERSON))
   (instance ?ORG EducationalOrganization))

(subclass Matriculation JoiningAnOrganization)
(documentation Matriculation "The &%OrganizationalProcess of joining an
&%EducationalOrganization as a student.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MAT Matriculation)
      (agent ?MAT ?ORG)
      (patient ?MAT ?PERSON))
   (instance ?ORG EducationalOrganization))

(subclass Hiring JoiningAnOrganization)
(documentation Hiring "&%OrganizationalProcesses where someone is made an
employee of an &%Organization.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?HIRE Hiring)
      (instance ?ORG Organization)
      (agent ?HIRE ?ORG)
      (patient ?HIRE ?PERSON))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?HIRE)) (not (employs ?ORG ?PERSON)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?HIRE)) (employs ?ORG ?PERSON))))

(subclass TerminatingEmployment LeavingAnOrganization)
(documentation TerminatingEmployment "&%OrganizationalProcesses where someone
ceases to be an employee of an &%Organization.  Note that this covers being
laid off, being fired, and voluntarily leaving a job.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?FIRE TerminatingEmployment)
      (instance ?ORG Organization)
      (agent ?FIRE ?ORG)
      (patient ?FIRE ?PERSON))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?FIRE)) (employs ?ORG ?PERSON))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?FIRE)) (not (employs ?ORG ?PERSON)))))

(subclass PoliticalProcess OrganizationalProcess)
(documentation PoliticalProcess "An &%OrganizationalProcess carried
out by, for or against officially constituted governments.  Some examples
would be voting on proposed legislation, electing a government representative,
or even overthrowing a government in a revolution.")

(=>
   (instance ?PROC PoliticalProcess)
   (exists (?POL)
      (and
         (or
            (instance ?POL Government)
            (exists (?GOV)
               (and
                  (instance ?GOV Government)
                  (member ?POL ?GOV))))
         (or
            (agent ?PROC ?POL)
            (patient ?PROC ?POL)))))

(subclass JudicialProcess PoliticalProcess)
(documentation JudicialProcess "Any legal proceeding which is conducted
by a &%JudicialOrganization.  Note that there is an important difference
between the concepts &%LegalAction and &%JudicialProcess.  The former
refers to legal claims that are brought by a plaintiff, e.g. law suits,
while the second refers to trials and other sorts of judicial hearings
where the merits of a &%LegalAction are decided.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROCESS JudicialProcess)
      (agent ?PROCESS ?ORG)
      (instance ?ORG Organization))
   (instance ?ORG JudicialOrganization))

(subclass LegalDecision JudicialProcess)
(subclass LegalDecision Declaring)
(documentation LegalDecision "A decision issued by a court with respect to
a &%LegalAction.  Note that a &%LegalDecision is the act of &%Declaring a
decision of a court; it is not the act of judge or jury &%Deciding the merits
of a particular &%LegalAction.")

(=>
   (instance ?DECISION LegalDecision)
   (exists (?ACTION)
      (and
         (instance ?ACTION LegalAction)
         (refers ?DECISION ?ACTION))))

(=>
   (instance ?DECISION LegalDecision)
   (exists (?DECIDE)
      (and
         (instance ?DECIDE Deciding)
         (earlier (WhenFn ?DECIDE) (WhenFn ?DECISION)))))

(subclass MilitaryProcess PoliticalProcess)
(documentation MilitaryProcess "Any &%Process that is carried out by a
military organization.  Note that this class covers &%Processes, e.g.
military operations, that are the result of careful planning, as well as
those which are unscripted.")

(subclass RegulatoryProcess Guiding)
(documentation RegulatoryProcess "an &%Guiding whose aim is the enforcement
of rules or regulations.  Note the key differences between &%RegulatoryProcess
and the related concept &%Managing.  The latter implies a long-term relationship
between a single manager and limited number of agents who are managed, while the
former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are
referred.")

(subclass Managing OrganizationalProcess)
(subclass Managing Guiding)
(documentation Managing "&%OrganizationalProcesses that involve overseeing
the activities of others.  Note the key differences between &%RegulatoryProcess
and its sibling &%Managing.  The latter implies a long-term relationship between
the manager and the managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which
the activities of the regulated are referred.")

(subclass Planning IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Planning "Specifying a set of actions in order to meet a
set of goals or objectives.")

(subclass Designing IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Designing "The spatial analogue of &%Planning.  &%Designing a
&%Collection of &%Objects involves determining a placement of the &%Objects
with respect to one another and perhaps other &%Objects as well, in order to
satisfy a particular purpose.")

(subclass Interpreting IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Interpreting "Any &%Process of assigning a &%Proposition to
a &%Text, i.e. understanding the &%Text.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?INTERPRET Interpreting)
      (agent ?INTERPRET ?AGENT)
      (patient ?INTERPRET ?CONTENT)
      (instance ?CONTENT ContentBearingObject))
   (exists (?PROP)
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?INTERPRET)) (believes ?AGENT (containsInformation ?CONTENT ?PROP)))))

(subclass QuantityChange InternalChange)
(partition QuantityChange Increasing Decreasing)
(documentation QuantityChange "Any &%InternalChange where a &%PhysicalQuantity
associated with the &%patient is altered.")

(subclass Increasing QuantityChange)
(relatedInternalConcept Increasing Putting)
(documentation Increasing "Any &%QuantityChange where the &%PhysicalQuantity
is increased.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?INCREASE Increasing)
      (patient ?INCREASE ?OBJ))
   (exists (?UNIT ?QUANT1 ?QUANT2)
        (and
         (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?INCREASE)) (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT1))
           (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?INCREASE)) (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT2))
           (greaterThan ?QUANT2 ?QUANT1))))

(subclass Heating Increasing)
(disjoint Heating Cooling)
(documentation Heating "Any &%Increasing &%Process where the &%PhysicalQuantity
increased is a &%TemperatureMeasure.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?HEAT Heating)
      (patient ?HEAT ?OBJ))
   (exists (?UNIT ?QUANT1 ?QUANT2)
        (and
         (instance ?UNIT TemperatureMeasure)
         (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?HEAT)) (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT1))
           (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?HEAT)) (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT2))
           (greaterThan ?QUANT2 ?QUANT1))))

(subclass Decreasing QuantityChange)
(relatedInternalConcept Decreasing Removing)
(documentation Decreasing "Any &%QuantityChange where the &%PhysicalQuantity
is decreased.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DECREASE Decreasing)
      (patient ?DECREASE ?OBJ))
   (exists (?UNIT ?QUANT1 ?QUANT2)
        (and
         (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?DECREASE)) (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT1))
           (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?DECREASE)) (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT2))
           (lessThan ?QUANT2 ?QUANT1))))

(subclass Cooling Decreasing)
(documentation Cooling "Any &%Decreasing &%Process where the &%PhysicalQuantity
decreased is a &%TemperatureMeasure.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?COOL Cooling)
      (patient ?COOL ?OBJ))
   (exists (?UNIT ?QUANT1 ?QUANT2)
        (and
         (instance ?UNIT TemperatureMeasure)
         (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?COOL)) (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT1))
           (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?COOL)) (equal (MeasureFn ?OBJ ?UNIT) ?QUANT2))
           (lessThan ?QUANT2 ?QUANT1))))

(subclass Motion Process)
(documentation Motion "Any &%Process of movement.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MOTION Motion)
      (patient ?MOTION ?OBJ)
      (origin ?MOTION ?PLACE))
   (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?MOTION)) (located ?OBJ ?PLACE)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MOTION Motion)
      (patient ?MOTION ?OBJ)
      (destination ?MOTION ?PLACE))
   (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?MOTION)) (located ?OBJ ?PLACE)))

(instance path CaseRole)
(domain path 1 Motion)
(domain path 2 Object)
(documentation path "(&%path ?MOTION ?PATH) means that ?PATH is a route
along which ?MOTION occurs.  For example, Highway 101 is the path in the
following proposition:  the car drove up Highway 101.")

(=>
   (and
      (path ?PROCESS ?PATH1)
      (origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE)
      (destination ?PROCESS ?DEST)
      (length ?PATH1 ?MEASURE1)
      (distance ?SOURCE ?DEST ?DISTANCE)
      (not (greaterThan ?MEASURE1 ?DISTANCE)))
   (forall (?OBJ)
      (=>
         (part ?OBJ ?PATH1)
         (between ?SOURCE ?OBJ ?DEST))))

(subclass BodyMotion Motion)
(documentation BodyMotion "Any &%Motion where the &%agent is an &%Organism
and the &%patient is a &%BodyPart.")

(=>
   (instance ?MOTION BodyMotion)
   (exists (?OBJ ?AGENT)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ BodyPart)
         (patient ?MOTION ?OBJ)
         (instance ?AGENT Organism)
         (agent ?MOTION ?AGENT))))

(subclass Vocalizing RadiatingSound)
(subclass Vocalizing BodyMotion)
(documentation Vocalizing "Any instance of &%RadiatingSound where the
&%instrument is the &%Human vocal cords.  This covers grunts, screams,
roars, as well as &%Speaking.")

(=>
   (instance ?VOCAL Vocalizing)
   (exists (?HUMAN)
      (and
         (instance ?HUMAN Human)
         (agent ?VOCAL ?HUMAN)
         (instrument ?VOCAL ?HUMAN))))

(subclass Speaking LinguisticCommunication)
(subclass Speaking Vocalizing)
(documentation Speaking "Any &%LinguisticGeneration which is also a
&%Vocalizing, i.e. any &%LinguisticCommunication by a &%Human which
involves his/her vocal cords.")

(subclass Singing Speaking)
(subclass Singing Music)
(documentation Singing "&%Speaking that is also &%Music.")

(subclass Ambulating BodyMotion)
(subclass Ambulating Translocation)
(partition Ambulating Walking Running)
(documentation Ambulating "Any &%BodyMotion which is accomplished by
means of the legs of an &%Animal for the purpose of moving from one
point to another.")

(subclass Walking Ambulating)
(documentation Walking "&%Ambulating relatively slowly, i.e. moving in such a
way that at least one foot is always in contact with the ground.")

(subclass Running Ambulating)
(documentation Running "&%Ambulating relatively quickly, i.e. moving in such a
way that, with each step, neither foot is in contact with the ground for a
period of time.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?WALK Walking)
      (instance ?RUN Running)
      (agent ?WALK ?AGENT)
      (agent ?RUN ?AGENT)
      (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?WALK) (measure ?AGENT (SpeedFn ?LENGTH1 ?TIME)))
      (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?RUN) (measure ?AGENT (SpeedFn ?LENGTH2 ?TIME))))
   (greaterThan ?LENGTH2 ?LENGTH1))

(subclass Swimming BodyMotion)
(documentation Swimming "Any deliberate and controlled &%BodyMotion
through water that is accomplished by an &%Organism.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SWIM Swimming)
      (agent ?SWIM ?AGENT))
   (exists (?AREA)
      (and
         (instance ?AREA WaterArea)
         (located ?AGENT ?AREA))))

(subclass Dancing BodyMotion)
(documentation Dancing "Any &%BodyMotion of &%Humans which is
deliberately coordinated with music.")


(subclass GeologicalProcess Motion)
(disjoint GeologicalProcess IntentionalProcess)
(documentation GeologicalProcess "The class of activities that
are caused by geological forces and affect geological features,
and which may affect the biosphere as well.")

(subclass WeatherProcess Motion)
(disjoint WeatherProcess IntentionalProcess)
(documentation WeatherProcess "&%WeatherProcess is the broadest class of
processes that involve weather, including weather seasons (not to be confused
with instances of &%SeasonOfYear), weather systems, and short-term weather
events.")

(subclass Precipitation WeatherProcess)
(subclass Precipitation WaterMotion)
(subclass Precipitation Falling)
(documentation Precipitation "&%Precipitation is the process of
water molecules falling from the air to the ground, in either a
liquid or frozen state.")

(=>
        (instance ?PROCESS Precipitation)
        (exists (?STUFF)
                (and
                        (instance ?STUFF Water)
                        (patient ?PROCESS ?STUFF))))

(subclass LiquidMotion Motion)
(documentation LiquidMotion "Any &%Motion where the &%patient is a
&%Liquid.  This class would cover, in particular, the flow of
&%Water.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MOTION LiquidMotion)
      (patient ?MOTION ?OBJ))
   (attribute ?OBJ Liquid))

(subclass WaterMotion LiquidMotion)
(documentation WaterMotion "Any &%LiquidMotion where the &%Liquid is &%Water.")

(=>
   (instance ?MOTION WaterMotion)
   (exists (?WATER)
      (and
         (patient ?MOTION ?WATER)
         (instance ?WATER Water))))

(subclass GasMotion Motion)
(documentation GasMotion "Any &%Motion where the &%patient is a
&%Gas.  This class would cover, in particular, the motion of
&%Air, e.g. a breeze or wind.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MOTION GasMotion)
      (patient ?MOTION ?OBJ))
   (attribute ?OBJ Gas))

(subclass Wind GasMotion)
(documentation Wind "Any &%Motion of &%Air.")

(subclass DirectionChange Motion)
(documentation DirectionChange "The act of changing the direction in
which the &%patient of the act is oriented.")

(=>
   (instance ?PROC DirectionChange)
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR DirectionalAttribute)
         (or
            (and
               (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PROC)) (manner ?PROC ?ATTR))
               (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?PROC)) (not (manner ?PROC ?ATTR))))
            (and
               (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?PROC)) (manner ?PROC ?ATTR))
               (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PROC)) (not (manner ?PROC ?ATTR))))))))

(subclass Transfer Translocation)
(documentation Transfer "Any &%instance of &%Translocation where the &%agent
and the &%patient are not the same thing.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TRANSFER Transfer)
      (agent ?TRANSFER ?AGENT)
      (patient ?TRANSFER ?PATIENT))
   (not
      (equal ?AGENT ?PATIENT)))

(subclass Carrying Transfer)
(documentation Carrying "&%Transfer from one point to another by means of
an &%Animal or &%Human.")

(=>
   (instance ?CARRY Carrying)
   (exists (?ANIMAL)
      (and
         (instance ?ANIMAL Animal)
         (instrument ?CARRY ?ANIMAL))))

(subclass Removing Transfer)
(documentation Removing "The &%Class of &%Processes where something is
taken away from a location.  Note that the thing removed and the location
are specified with the &%CaseRoles &%patient and &%origin, respectively.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REMOVE Removing)
      (origin ?REMOVE ?PLACE)
      (patient ?REMOVE ?OBJ))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?REMOVE)) (located ?OBJ ?PLACE))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?REMOVE)) (not (located ?OBJ ?PLACE)))))

(subclass Uncovering Removing)
(disjoint Uncovering Covering)
(documentation Uncovering "The &%Class of &%Removing processes where the &%agent
uncovers the &%patient, either completely or only partially.")

(subclass Putting Transfer)
(documentation Putting "The &%Class of &%Processes where something is put
in a location.  Note that the location is specified with the &%CaseRole
&%destination.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PUT Putting)
      (destination ?PUT ?PLACE)
      (patient ?PUT ?OBJ))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PUT)) (not (located ?OBJ ?PLACE)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?PUT)) (located ?OBJ ?PLACE))))

(subclass Covering Putting)
(documentation Covering "The &%Class of &%Putting processes where the &%agent
covers the &%patient, either completely or only partially, with something
else.")

(subclass Inserting Putting)
(documentation Inserting "&%Putting one thing inside of another thing.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?INSERT Inserting)
      (patient ?INSERT ?OBJ1)
      (destination ?INSERT ?OBJ2))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?INSERT)) (not (contains ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?INSERT)) (contains ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))))

(subclass Injecting Inserting)
(documentation Injecting "&%Inserting a &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance into an
&%Animal or a &%Human with a syringe.")

(=>
   (instance ?INJECT Injecting)
   (exists (?SUBSTANCE ?ANIMAL)
      (and
         (patient ?INJECT ?SUBSTANCE)
         (instance ?SUBSTANCE BiologicallyActiveSubstance)
         (attribute ?SUBSTANCE Liquid)
         (destination ?INJECT ?ANIMAL)
         (instance ?ANIMAL Animal))))

(subclass Substituting Transfer)
(subclass Substituting DualObjectProcess)
(documentation Substituting "The &%Class of &%Transfers where one thing is
replaced with something else.")

(=>
   (instance ?SUB Substituting)
   (exists (?PUT ?REMOVE ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?PLACE)
      (and
         (instance ?PUT Putting)
         (instance ?REMOVE Removing)
         (subProcess ?PUT ?SUB)
         (subProcess ?REMOVE ?SUB)
         (patient ?REMOVE ?OBJ1)
         (origin ?REMOVE ?PLACE)
         (patient ?PUT ?OBJ2)
         (destination ?PUT ?PLACE)
         (not (equal ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))))

(subclass Impelling Transfer)
(documentation Impelling "The &%subclass of &%Transfer where the &%patient
travels through space by means of a sudden, forceful event.  Some examples
would be shooting, throwing, tossing, etc.")

(subclass Shooting Impelling)
(documentation Shooting "The &%subclass of &%Impelling where the &%patient
is a projectile that is fired through the air by means of some sort of
&%Device.")

(subclass Touching Transfer)
(documentation Touching "Any &%Transfer where two &%Objects are
brought into immediate physical contact with one another.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TOUCH Touching)
      (agent ?TOUCH ?OBJ1)
      (patient ?TOUCH ?OBJ2))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?TOUCH)) (not (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?TOUCH)) (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))))

(subrelation grasps meetsSpatially)
(domain grasps 1 Animal)
(domain grasps 2 Object)
(documentation grasps "The state of grasping an &%Object.  (&%grasps
?ANIMAL ?OBJ) means that the &%Animal ?ANIMAL is intentionally holding
on to the &%Object ?OBJ.")

(subclass Grabbing Touching)
(subclass Grabbing Attaching)
(documentation Grabbing "Any instance of &%Touching which results in
a situation where the &%agent &%grasps the &%patient of the &%Touching.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GRAB Grabbing)
      (agent ?GRAB ?AGENT)
      (patient ?GRAB ?THING))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?GRAB)) (not (grasps ?AGENT ?THING)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?GRAB)) (grasps ?AGENT ?THING))))

(subclass Releasing Transfer)
(documentation Releasing "Any instance of &%Transfer which results in
a situation where it is not the case that the &%agent &%grasps something
which he/she &%grasps previously.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?RELEASE Releasing)
      (agent ?GRAB ?AGENT)
      (patient ?GRAB ?THING))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?RELEASE)) (grasps ?AGENT ?THING))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?RELEASE)) (not (grasps ?AGENT ?THING)))))


(subclass Impacting Touching)
(documentation Impacting "Any &%Touching where something comes into
sudden, forceful, physical contact with something else.  Some examples
would be striking, knocking, whipping etc.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?IMPACT Impacting)
      (patient ?IMPACT ?OBJ))
   (exists (?IMPEL)
      (and
         (instance ?IMPEL Impelling)
         (patient ?IMPEL ?OBJ)
         (earlier (WhenFn ?IMPEL) (WhenFn ?IMPACT)))))

(subclass Translocation Motion)
(documentation Translocation "&%Translocation is that class of &%Motions
in which an object moves from one place to another.  In the case of round
trips, the &%origin and &%destination are the same, but the intervening
motion passes through other locations.  &%Translocation represents linear
motion, in contrast to rotation or other movement in place.  A vehicle is
not necessary; &%Ambulating is a kind of &%Translocation.")

(=>
        (and
                (instance ?MOVEMENT Translocation)
                (origin ?MOVEMENT ?PLACE1))
        (exists (?PLACE2 ?STAGE)
                (and
                        (instance ?PLACE2 Region)
                        (not (equal ?PLACE1 ?PLACE2))
                        (subProcess ?STAGE ?MOVEMENT)
                        (located ?STAGE ?PLACE2))))

(subclass Falling Translocation)

(documentation Falling "&%Falling is the class of events in
which something moves from a higher location to a lower location
under the force of gravity.")

(=>
        (and
                (instance ?DROP Falling)
                (origin ?DROP ?START)
                (destination ?DROP ?FINISH))
        (orientation ?FINISH ?START Below))

(subclass Transportation Translocation)
(relatedInternalConcept Transportation TransportationDevice)
(documentation Transportation "&%Motion from one point to another by means
of a &%TransportationDevice.")

(=>
   (instance ?TRANS Transportation)
   (exists (?DEVICE)
      (and
         (instance ?DEVICE TransportationDevice)
         (instrument ?TRANS ?DEVICE))))

(subclass Guiding IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Guiding "Any &%IntentionalProcess where the &%agent tries to
direct the behavior of another &%Object, whether an &%Agent or not.")

(subclass Driving Guiding)
(documentation Driving "Controlling the direction and/or speed of a
&%Vehicle.  This includes navigating a ship, driving a car or truck,
operating a train, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?DRIVE Driving)
   (exists (?VEHICLE)
      (and
         (instance ?VEHICLE Vehicle)
         (patient ?DRIVE ?VEHICLE))))

(subclass EducationalProcess Guiding)
(documentation EducationalProcess "Any &%Process which is intended to result
in &%Learning.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?EDUCATION EducationalProcess)
      (patient ?EDUCATION ?PERSON))
   (hasPurpose ?EDUCATION (exists (?LEARN)
                             (and
                                (instance ?LEARN Learning)
                                (patient ?LEARN ?PERSON)))))

(subclass ChangeOfPossession SocialInteraction)
(relatedInternalConcept ChangeOfPossession possesses)
(documentation ChangeOfPossession "The &%Class of &%Processes where
ownership of something is transferred from one &%Agent to another.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CHANGE ChangeOfPossession)
      (patient ?CHANGE ?OBJ)
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (possesses ?AGENT1 ?OBJ))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (possesses ?AGENT2 ?OBJ)))
   (not
      (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CHANGE ChangeOfPossession)
      (origin ?CHANGE ?AGENT1)
      (destination ?CHANGE ?AGENT2)
      (instance ?AGENT1 Agent)
      (instance ?AGENT2 Agent)
      (patient ?CHANGE ?OBJ))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (possesses ?AGENT1 ?OBJ))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (possesses ?AGENT2 ?OBJ))))

(subclass Giving ChangeOfPossession)
(documentation Giving "The &%subclass of &%ChangeOfPossession where the
&%agent gives the &%destination something.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GIVE Giving)
      (agent ?GIVE ?AGENT1)
      (destination ?GIVE ?AGENT2)
      (instance ?AGENT2 Agent)
      (patient ?GIVE ?OBJ))
   (exists (?GET)
      (and
         (instance ?GET Getting)
         (agent ?GET ?AGENT2)
         (origin ?GET ?AGENT1)
         (patient ?GET ?OBJ))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GIVE Giving)
      (agent ?GIVE ?AGENT))
   (origin ?GIVE ?AGENT))

(subclass Funding Giving)
(documentation Funding "Any instance of &%Giving where the &%patient is an
instance of &%Currency.  Note that this class covers both financing, e.g.
where a firm funds a software company with venture capital with the agreement
that a certain percentage of the profits on the investment will be returned
to the firm, and instances of &%UnilateralGiving, e.g. providing a tuition
waiver and/or a stipend to a student as part of scholarship or fellowship.")

(=>
   (instance ?FUND Funding)
   (exists (?MONEY)
      (and
         (instance ?MONEY Currency)
         (patient ?FUND ?MONEY))))

(subclass UnilateralGiving Giving)
(documentation UnilateralGiving "Any instance of &%Giving that is not part
of a &%Transaction.  In other words, any instance of &%Giving where nothing
is received in return.  Some examples of &%UnilateralGiving are:  honorary
awards, gifts, and financial grants.")

(=>
   (instance ?GIVE UnilateralGiving)
   (not
      (exists (?TRANS)
         (and
            (instance ?TRANS Transaction)
            (subProcess ?GIVE ?TRANS)))))

(subclass Lending Giving)
(documentation Lending "The &%subclass of &%Giving &%Processes where
the &%agent gives the &%destination something for a limited period of
time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with
interest).")

(<=>
   (exists (?BORROW)
      (and
         (instance ?BORROW Borrowing)
         (agent ?BORROW ?AGENT1)
         (origin ?BORROW ?AGENT2)
         (patient ?BORROW ?OBJECT)))
   (exists (?LEND)
      (and
         (instance ?LEND Lending)
         (agent ?LEND ?AGENT2)
         (destination ?LEND ?AGENT1)
         (patient ?LEND ?OBJECT))))

(subclass GivingBack Giving)
(documentation GivingBack "Any instance of &%Giving where the &%agent gives
something to the &%destination which was previously given to the &%agent by
the &%destination, e.g. returing a book that was borrowed from someone.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?RETURN GivingBack)
      (agent ?RETURN ?AGENT)
      (destination ?RETURN ?DEST))
   (exists (?GIVE)
      (and
         (instance ?GIVE Giving)
         (agent ?GIVE ?DEST)
         (destination ?GIVE ?AGENT)
         (earlier (WhenFn ?GIVE) (WhenFn ?RETURN)))))

(subclass Getting ChangeOfPossession)
(documentation Getting "The &%subclass of &%ChangeOfPossession where the
&%agent gets something.  Note that the source from which something is
obtained is specified with the &%origin &%CaseRole.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GET Getting)
      (agent ?GET ?AGENT))
   (destination ?GET ?AGENT))

(subclass UnilateralGetting Getting)
(relatedInternalConcept UnilateralGetting UnilateralGiving)
(documentation UnilateralGetting "Any instance of &%Getting that is not part
of a &%Transaction.  In other words, any instance of &%Getting where nothing
is given in return.  Some examples of &%UnilateralGetting are:  appropriating,
commandeering, stealing, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?GET UnilateralGetting)
   (not
      (exists (?TRANS)
         (and
            (instance ?TRANS Transaction)
            (subProcess ?GET ?TRANS)))))

(subclass Borrowing Getting)
(documentation Borrowing "The &%subclass of &%Getting &%Processes where
the &%agent gets something for a limited period of time with the expectation
that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest).")

(subclass Transaction ChangeOfPossession)
(subclass Transaction DualObjectProcess)
(documentation Transaction "The &%subclass of &%ChangeOfPossession where
something is exchanged for something else.")

(=>
   (instance ?TRANS Transaction)
   (exists (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2 ?GIVE1 ?GIVE2 ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (and
         (instance ?GIVE1 Giving)
         (instance ?GIVE2 Giving)
           (subProcess ?GIVE1 ?TRANS)
           (subProcess ?GIVE2 ?TRANS)
         (agent ?GIVE1 ?AGENT1)
         (agent ?GIVE2 ?AGENT2)
         (patient ?GIVE1 ?OBJ1)
         (patient ?GIVE2 ?OBJ2)
         (destination ?GIVE1 ?AGENT2)
         (destination ?GIVE2 ?AGENT1)
         (not
            (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2))
         (not
            (equal ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))))

(subclass FinancialTransaction Transaction)
(documentation FinancialTransaction "A &%Transaction where an instance
of &%Currency is exchanged for something else.")

(=>
   (instance ?TRANS FinancialTransaction)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (patient ?TRANS ?OBJ)
         (instance ?OBJ Currency))))

(instance transactionAmount BinaryPredicate)
(instance transactionAmount SingleValuedRelation)
(instance transactionAmount TotalValuedRelation)
(domain transactionAmount 1 FinancialTransaction)
(domain transactionAmount 2 CurrencyMeasure)
(documentation transactionAmount "(&%transactionAmount ?TRANSACTION
?AMOUNT) means that ?AMOUNT is an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure being
exhanged in the &%FinancialTransaction ?TRANSACTION.")

(=>
   (transactionAmount ?TRANS ?AMOUNT)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (patient ?TRANS ?OBJ)
         (monetaryValue ?OBJ ?AMOUNT))))

(subclass CommercialService FinancialTransaction)
(documentation CommercialService "Any &%FinancialTransaction by a
&%CommercialAgent where the aim is to produce a profit.")

(=>
   (instance ?BUSINESS CommercialService)
   (exists (?AGENT)
      (and
         (instance ?AGENT CommercialAgent)
         (agent ?BUSINESS ?AGENT))))

(subclass Betting FinancialTransaction)
(documentation Betting "A &%FinancialTransaction where an instance of
&%CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for the possibility of winning a larger
instance of &%CurrencyMeasure within the context of some sort of
&%Game.")

(subclass Buying FinancialTransaction)
(relatedInternalConcept Buying Selling)
(documentation Buying "A &%FinancialTransaction in which an instance of
&%CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for an instance of &%Physical.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?BUY Buying)
      (agent ?BUY ?AGENT))
   (destination ?BUY ?AGENT))

(subclass Selling FinancialTransaction)
(documentation Selling "A &%FinancialTransaction in which an instance of
&%Physical is exchanged for an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure.")

(<=>
   (exists (?BUY)
      (and
         (instance ?BUY Buying)
         (agent ?BUY ?AGENT1)
         (origin ?BUY ?AGENT2)
         (patient ?BUY ?OBJECT)))
   (exists (?SELL)
      (and
         (instance ?SELL Selling)
         (agent ?SELL ?AGENT2)
         (destination ?SELL ?AGENT1)
         (patient ?SELL ?OBJECT))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SELL Selling)
      (agent ?SELL ?AGENT))
   (origin ?SELL ?AGENT))

(subclass Learning IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Learning "The &%Class of &%Processes which relate to the
acquisition of information.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LEARN Learning)
      (agent ?LEARN ?AGENT))
   (instance ?AGENT CognitiveAgent))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?LEARN Learning)
      (agent ?LEARN ?AGENT)
      (patient ?LEARN ?PROP))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?LEARN)) (not (knows ?AGENT ?PROP)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?LEARN)) (knows ?AGENT ?PROP))))

(subclass Discovering IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Discovering "Finding something that was sought.  Note that
this class is restricted to cases of discovering something &%Physical.
For cases involving the acquisition of knowledge, the class &%Learning
should be used.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DISCOVER Discovering)
      (patient ?DISCOVER ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PURSUE)
      (and
         (instance ?PURSUE Pursuing)
         (meetsTemporally (WhenFn ?PURSUE) (WhenFn ?DISCOVER)))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DISCOVER Discovering)
      (patient ?DISCOVER ?OBJ)
      (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?DISCOVER) (located ?OBJ ?PLACE)))
   (exists (?LEARN)
      (and
         (instance ?LEARN Learning)
         (subProcess ?LEARN ?DISCOVER)
         (patient ?LEARN (located ?OBJ ?PLACE)))))

(subclass Classifying IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Classifying "The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses
which involve attaching a name or category to a thing or set of things.
Note that &%Classifying is distinguished from &%Learning by the fact
that the latter covers the acquisition by a &%CognitiveAgent of any
&%Proposition, while the former involves the assignment of a label
or category.")

(subclass Reasoning IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Reasoning "The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses
which involve concluding, on the basis of either deductive or inductive
evidence, that a particular &%Proposition or &%Sentence is true.")

(=>
   (instance ?AGENT CognitiveAgent)
   (capability Reasoning agent ?AGENT))

(subclass Selecting IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Selecting "The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses
which involve opting for one or more &%Entity out of a larger set of &%Entities.
Note that this covers all cases of judging or evaluating.")

(subclass Deciding Selecting)
(documentation Deciding "The subclass of &%Selecting where the &%agent
opts for one course of action out of a set of multiple possibilities
that are open to him/her.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DECIDE Deciding)
      (agent ?DECIDE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?DECIDE ?PROCESS))
   (and
      (instance ?PROCESS IntentionalProcess)
      (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT)))

(subclass Voting Deciding)
(documentation Voting "&%Voting is the activity of voting in an
&%Election.  Voting is typically done by individuals, while &%Elections
are conducted by &%Organizations.  The voting process by an individual
voter is part of an &%Election process.")

(=>
        (instance ?VOTE Voting)
        (exists (?ELECT)
                (and
                        (instance ?ELECT Election)
                        (subProcess ?VOTE ?ELECT))))

(subclass Judging Selecting)
(documentation Judging "The subclass of &%Selecting where the &%agent opts
for one belief out of a set of multiple possibilities that are available to
him/her.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?JUDGE Judging)
      (agent ?JUDGE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?JUDGE ?PROPOSITION))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?JUDGE)) (not (believes ?AGENT ?PROPOSITION)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?JUDGE)) (believes ?AGENT ?PROPOSITION))))

(subclass Comparing IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(subclass Comparing DualObjectProcess)
(documentation Comparing "The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses
which involve comparing, relating, contrasting, etc. the properties of
two or more &%Entities.")

(subclass Calculating IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Calculating "&%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve
the consideration and/or manipulation of instances of &%Quantity.")

(subclass Measuring Calculating)
(documentation Measuring "The &%Class of &%Calculating &%Processes where
the aim is to determine the &%PhysicalQuantity of some aspect of the &%patient.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MEAS Measuring)
      (agent ?MEAS ?AGENT)
      (patient ?MEAS ?OBJ))
   (exists (?QUANT ?UNIT)
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?MEAS))
         (knows ?AGENT (measure ?OBJ (MeasureFn ?QUANT ?UNIT))))))

(subclass Counting Calculating)
(documentation Counting "Enumerating something.  The &%Class of &%Calculating
&%Processes where the aim is to determine the &%Number corresponding to the
&%patient.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?COUNT Counting)
      (agent ?COUNT ?AGENT)
      (patient ?COUNT ?ENTITY))
   (exists (?NUMBER)
      (knows ?AGENT (equal (CardinalityFn ?ENTITY) ?NUMBER))))

(subclass Predicting IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Predicting "The &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses
which involve the formulation of a &%Proposition about a state of affairs
which might be realized in the future.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PREDICT Predicting)
      (patient ?PREDICT ?FORMULA))
   (exists (?TIME)
      (and
         (holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA)
         (or
            (before ?TIME (WhenFn ?PREDICT))
            (earlier ?TIME (WhenFn ?PREDICT))))))

(subclass Remembering PsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Remembering "The &%Class of &%PsychologicalProcesses which
involve the recollection of prior experiences and/or of knowledge
which was previously acquired.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REMEMBER Remembering)
      (patient ?REMEMBER ?FORMULA))
   (exists (?TIME)
      (and
         (holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA)
         (or
            (before ?TIME (WhenFn ?REMEMBER))
            (earlier ?TIME (WhenFn ?REMEMBER))))))

(subclass Keeping IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Keeping "The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent
keeps something in a particular location for an extended period of time.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?KEEP Keeping)
      (agent ?KEEP ?AGENT)
      (patient ?KEEP ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PUT)
      (and
         (instance ?PUT Putting)
         (agent ?PUT ?AGENT)
         (patient ?PUT ?OBJ)
         (earlier (WhenFn ?PUT) (WhenFn ?KEEP)))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?KEEP Keeping)
      (patient ?KEEP ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PLACE)
      (forall (?TIME)
         (=>
            (temporalPart ?TIME (WhenFn ?KEEP))
            (holdsDuring ?TIME (located ?OBJ ?PLACE))))))

(subclass Confining Keeping)
(documentation Confining "The &%Class of &%Keeping &%Processes where the
&%patient is a &%Human or an &%Animal and is kept involuntarily.  This covers
caging, imprisonment, jailing, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?CONFINE Confining)
   (exists (?AGENT)
      (and
         (instance ?AGENT Animal)
         (patient ?CONFINE ?AGENT))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CONFINE Confining)
      (patient ?CONFINE ?PERSON)
      (instance ?PERSON Human))
   (not (desires ?PERSON (patient ?CONFINE ?PERSON))))

(subclass Maintaining IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Maintaining "The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent
cares for or maintains the &%Object.")

(subclass Repairing IntentionalProcess)
(relatedInternalConcept Repairing Maintaining)
(documentation Repairing "The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent
makes a modification or series of modifications to an &%Object that is not
functioning as intended so that it works properly.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REPAIR Repairing)
      (patient ?REPAIR ?OBJ))
   (exists (?DAMAGE)
      (and
         (instance ?DAMAGE Damaging)
         (patient ?DAMAGE ?OBJ)
         (earlier (WhenFn ?DAMAGE) (WhenFn ?REPAIR)))))

(subclass TherapeuticProcess Repairing)
(documentation TherapeuticProcess "A &%Process that is carried out
for the purpose of curing, improving or reducing the pain associated
with a &%DiseaseOrSyndrome.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROC TherapeuticProcess)
      (patient ?PROC ?BIO))
   (or
      (instance ?BIO Organism)
      (exists (?ORG)
         (and
            (instance ?ORG Organism)
            (part ?BIO ?ORG)))))

(subclass Surgery TherapeuticProcess)
(documentation Surgery "Any &%TherapeuticProcess that involves making an
incision in the &%Animal that is the &%patient of the &%TherapeuticProcess.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ACT Surgery)
      (patient ?ACT ?ANIMAL))
   (exists (?SUBACT)
      (and
         (instance ?SUBACT Cutting)
         (instance ?ANIMAL Animal)
         (patient ?SUBACT ?ANIMAL)
         (subProcess ?SUBACT ?ACT))))

(subclass Damaging InternalChange)
(disjoint Damaging Repairing)
(documentation Damaging "The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent
brings about a situation where the &%patient no longer functions normally
or as intended.")

(subclass Destruction Damaging)
(documentation Destruction "The &%subclass of &%Damagings in which
the &%patient (or an essential element of the &%patient) is destroyed.
Note that the difference between this concept and its superclass is solely
one of extent.")

(<=>
   (instance ?PROCESS Destruction)
   (exists (?PATIENT)
      (and
         (patient ?PROCESS ?PATIENT)
         (time ?PATIENT (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)))
         (not
            (time ?PATIENT (EndFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)))))))

(subclass Killing Destruction)
(documentation Killing "The &%subclass of &%Destruction in which the
death of an &%Organism is caused by an &%Organism.  Note that in cases
of suicide the &%Organism would be the same in both cases.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?KILL Killing)
      (agent ?KILL ?AGENT)
      (patient ?KILL ?PATIENT))
   (and
      (instance ?AGENT Organism)
      (instance ?PATIENT Organism)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?KILL Killing)
      (patient ?KILL ?PATIENT))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?KILL)) (attribute ?PATIENT Living))
      (holdsDuring (FutureFn (WhenFn ?KILL)) (attribute ?PATIENT Dead))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?KILL Killing)
      (patient ?KILL ?OBJ))
   (exists (?DEATH)
      (and
         (instance ?DEATH Death)
         (experiencer ?DEATH ?OBJ)
         (causes ?KILL ?DEATH))))

(subclass Poking IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Poking "The &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent
pierces the surface of the &%Object with an &%instrument.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?POKE Poking)
      (agent ?POKE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?POKE ?OBJ)
      (instrument ?POKE ?INST))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?POKE) (connects ?INST ?AGENT ?OBJ)))

(subclass Cutting Poking)
(documentation Cutting "The &%subclass of &%Poking &%Processes which
involve a sharp &%instrument.")

(subclass Attaching DualObjectProcess)
(disjoint Attaching Detaching)
(relatedInternalConcept Attaching Putting)
(documentation Attaching "A &%Process where one &%Object becomes attached
to another &%Object.  Note that this differs from &%Putting in that two
things which are attached may already be in the same location.  Note that
&%Combining is different from &%Attaching in that the former applies to
&%Substances, while the latter applies to &%CorpuscularObjects.  Note too
that &%Attaching is different from &%Putting in that one or both of the
two things which are attached may or may not be moved from the location
where they were combined.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ATTACH Attaching)
      (patient ?ATTACH ?OBJ1)
      (patient ?ATTACH ?OBJ2))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?ATTACH)) (not (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?ATTACH)) (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))))

(=>
   (instance ?ATTACH Attaching)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ CorpuscularObject)
         (patient ?ATTACH ?OBJ))))

(subclass Detaching DualObjectProcess)
(documentation Detaching "A &%Process where the &%agent detaches one thing
from something else.  Note that &%Detaching is different from &%Separating
in that the latter applies to &%Substances, while the former applies to &%CorpuscularObjects.  Note too that &%Detaching is different from &%Removing
in that one or both of the two things which are detached may or may not be
moved from the location where they were attached.")

 (=>
   (and
      (instance ?DETACH Detaching)
      (patient ?DETACH ?OBJ1)
      (patient ?DETACH ?OBJ2))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?DETACH)) (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?DETACH)) (not (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))))

(=>
   (instance ?DETACH Detaching)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ CorpuscularObject)
         (patient ?DETACH ?OBJ))))

(subclass Ungrasping Detaching)
(documentation Ungrasping "Any instance of &%Detaching which results in
a situation where it is not the case that the &%agent &%grasps something
which he/she &%grasps previously.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?RELEASE Ungrasping)
      (agent ?GRAB ?AGENT)
      (patient ?GRAB ?THING))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?RELEASE)) (grasps ?AGENT ?THING))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?RELEASE)) (not (grasps ?AGENT ?THING)))))

(subclass Combining DualObjectProcess)
(documentation Combining "A &%Process where two or more &%SelfConnectedObjects
are incorporated into a single &%SelfConnectedObject.  Note that &%Combining
is different from &%Attaching in that the former results in one of the objects
being &%part of the other, while &%Attaching only results in the two objects
being &%connected with one another.  Note too that &%Combining is different
from &%Putting in that one or both of the two things which are combined may or
may not be moved from the location where they were combined.")

(<=>
   (and
      (instance ?COMBINE Combining)
      (resource ?COMBINE ?OBJ1)
      (result ?COMBINE ?OBJ2))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?COMBINE)) (not (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?COMBINE)) (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))))

(=>
   (instance ?COMBINE Combining)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ SelfConnectedObject)
         (patient ?COMBINE ?OBJ))))

(subclass Separating DualObjectProcess)
(disjoint Separating Combining)
(documentation Separating "A &%Process where a &%SelfConnectedObject is
separated into (some of) its &%parts.  Note that &%Separating is different
from &%Detaching in that the latter only results in the two objects not
being &%connected.  Note too that &%Separating is different from
&%Removing in that one or both of the two things which are separated
may or may not be moved from the location where they were separated.")

(=>
   (instance ?SEPARATE Separating)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ SelfConnectedObject)
         (patient ?SEPARATE ?OBJ))))

(subclass ChemicalProcess InternalChange)
(partition ChemicalProcess ChemicalSynthesis ChemicalDecomposition)
(documentation ChemicalProcess "A &%ChemicalProcess occurs whenever
chemical compounds (&%CompoundSubstances) are formed or decomposed.
For example, reactants disappear as chemical change occurs, and products
appear as chemical change occurs.  In a chemical change a chemical
reaction takes place.  Catalysts in a &%ChemicalProcess may speed up the
reaction, but aren't themselves produced or consumed.  Examples: rusting of
iron and the decomposition of water, induced by an electric current, to
gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROC ChemicalProcess)
      (or
         (resource ?PROC ?STUFF)
         (result ?PROC ?STUFF)))
   (instance ?STUFF PureSubstance))

(subclass ChemicalSynthesis ChemicalProcess)
(subclass ChemicalSynthesis Combining)
(documentation ChemicalSynthesis "The &%Class of &%ChemicalProcesses in
which a &%CompoundSubstance is formed from simpler reactants.")

(=>
   (and
      (resource ?PROC ?SUBSTANCE1)
      (result ?PROC ?SUBSTANCE2)
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE1 ElementalSubstance)
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE2 CompoundSubstance))
   (instance ?PROC ChemicalSynthesis))

(<=>
   (instance ?COMPOUND CompoundSubstance)
   (exists (?ELEMENT1 ?ELEMENT2 ?PROCESS)
      (and
         (instance ?ELEMENT1 ElementalSubstance)
         (instance ?ELEMENT2 ElementalSubstance)
         (not (equal ?ELEMENT1 ?ELEMENT2))
           (instance ?PROCESS ChemicalSynthesis)
         (resource ?PROCESS ?ELEMENT1)
         (resource ?PROCESS ?ELEMENT2)
         (result ?PROCESS ?COMPOUND))))

(subclass ChemicalDecomposition ChemicalProcess)
(subclass ChemicalDecomposition Separating)
(documentation ChemicalDecomposition "The &%Class of &%ChemicalProcesses
in which a &%CompoundSubstance breaks down into simpler products.")

(=>
   (and
      (resource ?PROC ?SUBSTANCE1)
      (result ?PROC ?SUBSTANCE2)
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE1 CompoundSubstance)
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE2 ElementalSubstance))
   (instance ?PROC ChemicalDecomposition))

(subclass Combustion ChemicalDecomposition)
(documentation Combustion "The &%Class of &%ChemicalProcesses in which an &%Object
reacts with oxygen and gives off heat.  This includes all &%Processes in which
something is burning.")

(=>
   (instance ?COMBUSTION Combustion)
   (exists (?HEAT ?LIGHT)
      (and
         (instance ?HEAT Heating)
         (instance ?LIGHT RadiatingLight)
         (subProcess ?HEAT ?COMBUSTION)
         (subProcess ?LIGHT ?COMBUSTION))))

(subclass InternalChange Process)
(documentation InternalChange "&%Processes which involve altering an internal
property of an &%Object, e.g. the shape of the &%Object, its coloring, its
structure, etc.  &%Processes that are not instances of this class include
changes that only affect the relationship to other objects, e.g. changes in
spatial or temporal location.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CHANGE InternalChange)
      (patient ?CHANGE ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PROPERTY)
      (or
         (and
            (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))
            (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (not (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))))
         (and
            (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (not (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY)))
            (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?CHANGE)) (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))))))

(subclass SurfaceChange InternalChange)
(documentation SurfaceChange "&%Processes which involve altering
the properties that apply to the surface of an &%Object.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ALT SurfaceChange)
      (patient ?ALT ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PART ?PROPERTY)
      (and
         (superficialPart ?PART ?OBJ)
         (or
            (and
               (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (attribute ?PART ?PROPERTY))
               (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (not (attribute ?PART ?PROPERTY))))
            (and
               (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (not (attribute ?PART ?PROPERTY)))
               (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (attribute ?PART ?PROPERTY)))))))

(subclass Coloring SurfaceChange)
(documentation Coloring "The &%subclass of &%SurfaceChange where a
&%ColorAttribute of the &%patient is altered.  Note that the change in
color may apply to just part of the object.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?COLORING Coloring)
      (patient ?COLORING ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PROPERTY ?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (instance ?PROPERTY ColorAttribute)
         (or
            (and
               (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?COLORING)) (attribute ?PART ?PROPERTY))
               (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?COLORING)) (not (attribute ?PART ?PROPERTY))))
            (and
               (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?COLORING)) (not (attribute ?PART ?PROPERTY)))
               (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?COLORING)) (attribute ?PART ?PROPERTY)))))))

(subclass ShapeChange InternalChange)
(documentation ShapeChange "The &%Process of changing the shape of an &%Object.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ALT ShapeChange)
      (patient ?ALT ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PROPERTY)
      (and
         (instance ?PROPERTY ShapeAttribute)
         (or
            (and
               (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))
               (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (not (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))))
            (and
               (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (not (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY)))
               (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?ALT)) (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY)))))))

(subclass ContentDevelopment IntentionalProcess)
(documentation ContentDevelopment "A &%subclass of &%IntentionalProcess in
which content is modified, its form is altered or it is created anew.")

(=>
   (instance ?DEVELOP ContentDevelopment)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ ContentBearingObject)
         (patient ?DEVELOP ?OBJ))))

(subclass Reading ContentDevelopment)
(relatedInternalConcept Reading Interpreting)
(documentation Reading "A &%subclass of &%ContentDevelopment in which
content is converted from a written form into a spoken representation.
Note that the class &%Interpreting should be used in cases where a
&%Text is read silently.")

(=>
   (instance ?READ Reading)
   (exists (?TEXT ?PROP)
      (and
         (instance ?TEXT Text)
         (containsInformation ?TEXT ?PROP)
         (realization ?READ ?PROP))))

(subclass Writing ContentDevelopment)
(documentation Writing "A &%subclass of &%ContentDevelopment in which
content is converted from one form (e.g. uttered, written or represented
mentally) into a written form.  Note that this class covers both
transcription and original creation of written &%Texts.")

(subclass Encoding Writing)
(documentation Encoding "Converting a document or message into a formal
language or into a code that can be understood only by a relatively small
body of &%Agents.  Generally speaking, this hinders wide dissemination of
the content in the original document or message.")

(subclass Decoding Writing)
(disjoint Decoding Encoding)
(documentation Decoding "Converting a document or message that has previously
been encoded (see &%Encoding) into a &%Language that can be understood by a
relatively large number of speakers.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DECODE Decoding)
      (patient ?DECODE ?DOC1))
   (exists (?ENCODE ?DOC2 ?TIME)
      (and
         (containsInformation ?DOC2 ?PROP)
         (containsInformation ?DOC1 ?PROP)
           (temporalPart ?TIME (PastFn (WhenFn ?DECODE)))
         (holdsDuring ?TIME
            (and
               (instance ?ENCODE Encoding)
               (patient ?ENCODE ?DOC2))))))

(subclass Translating ContentDevelopment)
(subclass Translating DualObjectProcess)
(documentation Translating "Converting content from one &%Language into another.
This covers oral translation (i.e. interpreting) as well as written translation.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TRANSLATE Translating)
      (resource ?TRANSLATE ?EXPRESSION1)
      (result ?TRANSLATE ?EXPRESSION2))
   (exists (?LANGUAGE1 ?LANGUAGE2 ?ENTITY)
      (and
         (representsInLanguage ?EXPRESSION1 ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE1)
         (representsInLanguage ?EXPRESSION2 ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE2)
         (not (equal ?LANGUAGE1 ?LANGUAGE2)))))

(subclass Wetting Putting)
(documentation Wetting "The &%Class of &%Processes where a &%Liquid is
added to an &%Object.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?WET Wetting)
      (patient ?WET ?OBJ))
   (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?WET))
      (or
         (attribute ?OBJ Wet)
         (attribute ?OBJ Damp))))

(=>
   (instance ?WET Wetting)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (attribute ?OBJ Liquid)
         (patient ?WET ?OBJ))))

(subclass Drying Removing)
(documentation Drying "The &%Class of &%Processes where a &%Liquid is removed
from an &%Object.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DRY Drying)
      (patient ?DRY ?OBJ))
   (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?DRY))
      (attribute ?OBJ Dry)))

(subclass Creation InternalChange)
(relatedInternalConcept Creation Destruction)
(documentation Creation "The &%subclass of &%Process in which
something is created.  Note that the thing created is specified
with the &%result &%CaseRole.")

(=>
   (instance ?ACTION Creation)
   (exists (?RESULT)
      (result ?ACTION ?RESULT)))

(<=>
   (instance ?PROCESS Creation)
   (exists (?PATIENT)
      (and
         (patient ?PROCESS ?PATIENT)
         (time ?PATIENT (EndFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)))
         (not
            (time ?PATIENT (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)))))))

(subclass Making Creation)
(subclass Making IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Making "The &%subclass of &%Creation in which an individual
&%Artifact or a type of &%Artifact is made.")

(subclass Constructing Making)
(documentation Constructing "The &%subclass of &%Making in which a
&%StationaryArtifact is built.")

(<=>
   (exists (?BUILD)
      (and
         (instance ?BUILD Constructing)
         (result ?BUILD ?ARTIFACT)))
   (instance ?ARTIFACT StationaryArtifact))

(subclass Manufacture Making)
(documentation Manufacture "The &%Making of &%Artifacts on a mass
scale.")

(subclass Publication Manufacture)
(subclass Publication ContentDevelopment)
(documentation Publication "The &%Manufacture of &%Texts.  Note that
there is no implication that the &%Texts are distributed.  Such
distribution, when it occurs, is an instance of &%Dissemination.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PUB Publication)
      (patient ?PUB ?TEXT))
   (subclass ?TEXT Text))

(subclass Cooking Making)
(documentation Cooking "The &%Making of an &%instance of &%Food.  Note
that this can cover any preparation of &%Food, e.g. making a salad,
cutting up fruit, etc.  It does not necessarily involve the application
of heat.")

(=>
   (instance ?COOK Cooking)
   (exists (?FOOD)
      (and
         (instance ?FOOD Food)
         (result ?COOK ?FOOD))))

(subclass Pursuing IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Pursuing "The class of &%IntentionalProcesses where something is
sought.  Some examples would be hunting, shopping, trawling, and stalking.")

(=>
   (instance ?PURSUE Pursuing)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (instance ?OBJ Object)
         (patient ?PURSUE ?OBJ))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PURSUE Pursuing)
      (agent ?PURSUE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?PURSUE ?OBJ))
   (holdsDuring ?PURSUE (wants ?AGENT ?OBJ)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PURSUE Pursuing)
      (agent ?PURSUE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?PURSUE ?OBJ))
   (holdsDuring ?PURSUE (not (possesses ?AGENT ?OBJ))))

(subclass Investigating IntentionalPsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Investigating "The class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses
where the &%agent attempts to obtaina information (i.e. a &%Proposition denoted
by a &%Formula).")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?INVESTIGATE Investigating)
      (patient ?INVESTIGATE ?PROP))
   (instance ?PROP Formula))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?INVESTIGATE Investigating)
      (agent ?INVESTIGATE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?INVESTIGATE ?PROP))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?INVESTIGATE) (not (knows ?AGENT ?PROP))))

(subclass Experimenting Investigating)
(documentation Experimenting "&%Investigating the truth of a &%Proposition
by constructing and observing a trial.  Note that the trial may be either
controlled or uncontrolled, blind or not blind.")

(subclass DiagnosticProcess Investigating)
(documentation DiagnosticProcess "A &%Process that is carried out for
the purpose of determining the nature of a &%DiseaseOrSyndrome.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROC DiagnosticProcess)
      (agent ?PROC ?AGENT))
   (exists (?CAUSE)
      (hasPurposeForAgent ?PROC (knows ?AGENT (causes ?CAUSE ?PROC)) ?AGENT)))

(subclass SocialInteraction IntentionalProcess)
(documentation SocialInteraction "The &%subclass of
&%IntentionalProcess that involves interactions between
&%CognitiveAgents.")

(=>
   (instance ?INTERACTION SocialInteraction)
   (exists (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
      (and
         (agent ?INTERACTION ?AGENT1)
         (agent ?INTERACTION ?AGENT2)
         (not
            (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)))))

(subclass Pretending SocialInteraction)
(documentation Pretending "Any &%SocialInteraction where a
&%CognitiveAgent or &%Group of &%CognitiveAgents attempts to make
another &%CognitiveAgent or &%Group of &%CognitiveAgents believe
something that is false.  This covers deceit, affectation,
impersonation, and entertainment productions, to give just a few
examples.")

(=>
   (instance ?PRETEND Pretending)
   (exists (?PERSON ?PROP)
      (and
         (hasPurpose ?PRETEND (believes ?PERSON ?PROP))
         (true ?PROP True))))

(subclass Communication SocialInteraction)
(subclass Communication ContentBearingProcess)
(partition Communication Stating Supposing Directing Committing Expressing Declaring)
(relatedInternalConcept Communication ContentDevelopment)
(documentation Communication "A &%SocialInteraction that involves
the transfer of information between two or more &%CognitiveAgents.
Note that &%Communication is closely related to, but essentially
different from, &%ContentDevelopment.  The latter involves the creation
or modification of a &%ContentBearingObject, while &%Communication is
the transfer of information for the purpose of conveying a message.")

(=>
   (instance ?COMMUNICATE Communication)
   (exists (?PHYS ?ENTITY ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
      (and
         (refers ?PHYS ?ENTITY)
         (patient ?COMMUNICATE ?PHYS)
         (instance ?AGENT1 CognitiveAgent)
         (agent ?COMMUNICATE ?AGENT1)
         (instance ?AGENT2 CognitiveAgent)
         (destination ?COMMUNICATE ?AGENT2))))

(subclass Disseminating Communication)
(documentation Disseminating "Any &%Communication that involves a
single &%agent and many &%destinations.  This covers the release
of a published book, broadcasting, a theatrical performance, giving
orders to assembled troops, delivering a public lecture, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?DISSEMINATE Disseminating)
   (exists (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
      (and
         (destination ?DISSEMINATE ?AGENT1)
         (instance ?AGENT1 CognitiveAgent)
         (destination ?DISSEMINATE ?AGENT2)
         (instance ?AGENT2 CognitiveAgent)
         (not (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)))))

(subclass Demonstrating Disseminating)
(documentation Demonstrating "Exhibiting something or a range of things
before the public in a particular location.  This would cover software
demos, theatrical plays, lectures, dance and music recitals, museum
exhibitions, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?DEMO Demonstrating)
   (exists (?PERSON)
      (attends ?DEMO ?PERSON)))

(subrelation attends experiencer)
(domain attends 1 Demonstrating)
(domain attends 2 Human)
(documentation attends "(&%attends ?DEMO ?PERSON) means that ?PERSON attends,
i.e. is a member of the audience, of the performance event ?DEMO.")

(subclass Gesture Communication)
(subclass Gesture BodyMotion)
(documentation Gesture "Any &%BodyMotion, e.g. a hand wave, a nod of the
head, a smile, which is also an instance of &%Communication.")

(subclass Advertising Disseminating)
(documentation Advertising "A &%Disseminating whose purpose is to
promote the sale of an &%Object represented in a &%Text or &%Icon
(the advertisement).")

(=>
   (instance ?ADVERT Advertising)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (refers ?ADVERT ?OBJ)
         (hasPurpose ?ADVERT (exists (?SALE) (and (instance ?SALE Selling) (patient ?SALE ?OBJ)))))))



(subclass Expressing Communication)
(documentation Expressing "Instances of this &%Class express a state of the &%agent.
For example, Jane thanked Barbara for the present she had given her.  The thanking
in this case expresses the gratitude of Jane towards Barbara.  Note that &%Expressing,
unlike the other speech act types, is not a subclass of &%LinguisticCommunication.
This is because emotions, for example, can be expressed without language, e.g. by
smiling.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?EXPRESS Expressing)
      (agent ?EXPRESS ?AGENT))
   (exists (?STATE)
      (and
         (instance ?STATE StateOfMind)
         (attribute ?AGENT ?STATE)
         (represents ?EXPRESS ?STATE))))

(subclass LinguisticCommunication Communication)
(documentation LinguisticCommunication "A &%Communication that involves
the transfer of information via a &%LinguisticExpression.")

(=>
   (instance ?COMMUNICATE LinguisticCommunication)
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (represents ?COMMUNICATE ?OBJ)
         (instance ?OBJ LinguisticExpression)
         (patient ?COMMUNICATE ?OBJ))))

(subclass Stating LinguisticCommunication)
(documentation Stating "Instances of this &%Class commit the &%agent to some truth.
For example, John claimed that the moon is made of green cheese.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?STATE Stating)
      (agent ?STATE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?STATE ?FORMULA)
      (instance ?FORMULA Formula))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?STATE) (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA)))

(subclass Disagreeing Stating)
(documentation Disagreeing "A &%Stating in which two &%Agents have
contradictory statements.  This is distinguished from &%Arguing in
that the statement in dispute may be a simple assertion, rather than
a chain of deduction, and that two entities must be disagreeing with
each other, whereas a single entity may craft an argument for a given
point of view, without the need for another agent to disagree with.")
(=>
  (instance ?DIS Disagreeing)
  (exists (?A1 ?A2 ?STATE1 ?STATE2 ?STMT1 ?STMT2)
    (and
      (subProcess ?STATE1 ?DIS)
      (subProcess ?STATE2 ?DIS)
      (agent ?STATE1 ?A1)
      (agent ?STATE2 ?A2)
      (containsInformation ?STATE1 ?STMT1)
      (containsInformation ?STATE2 ?STMT2)
      (not
        (consistent ?STMT1 ?STMT2)))))

(subclass Supposing LinguisticCommunication)
(documentation Supposing "Instances of this &%Class suppose, for the sake of
argument, that a proposition is true.  For example, John considered what he
would do if he won the lottery.")

(subclass Directing LinguisticCommunication)
(documentation Directing "Instances of this &%Class urge some further action
among the receivers.  A &%Directing can be an &%Ordering, a &%Requesting or
a &%Questioning.")

(subclass Ordering Directing)
(documentation Ordering "A &%Directing in which the receiver is
commanded to realize the content of a &%ContentBearingObject.  Orders
are injunctions, the disobedience of which involves sanctions, or
which express an obligation upon the part of the orderee.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ORDER Ordering)
      (patient ?ORDER ?FORMULA))
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Obligation))

(subclass Requesting Directing)
(documentation Requesting "A request expresses a desire that some future
action be performed.  For example, the 5th Battalion requested air support
from the 3rd Bomber Group.  Note that this class covers proposals,
recommendations, suggestions, etc.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REQUEST Requesting)
      (agent ?REQUEST ?AGENT)
      (patient ?REQUEST ?FORMULA)
      (instance ?FORMULA Formula))
   (desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA))

(subclass Questioning Directing)
(documentation Questioning "A request for information.  For example, John asked
Bill if the President had said anything about taxes in his State of the Union
address.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?QUESTION Questioning)
      (agent ?QUESTION ?AGENT)
      (patient ?QUESTION ?FORMULA)
      (instance ?FORMULA Formula))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?QUESTION) (not (knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA))))

(subclass Committing LinguisticCommunication)
(documentation Committing "Instances of this &%Class commit the &%agent to some
future course.  For example, Bob promised Susan that he would be home by 11pm.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?COMMIT Committing)
      (patient ?COMMIT ?FORMULA)
      (instance ?FORMULA Formula))
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Promise))

(subclass Offering Committing)
(documentation Offering "The subclass of &%Committing in which a &%CognitiveAgent offers something &%Physical to another agent. Offerings may be unconditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a &%UnilateralGiving) or conditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a &%Transaction of some sort).")

(subclass Declaring LinguisticCommunication)
(documentation Declaring "The &%Class of &%LinguisticCommunications that
effect an institutional alteration when performed by competent authority.
Some examples are nominating, marrying, and excommunicating.")

(=>
   (instance ?DECLARE Declaring)
   (exists (?PROP ?NORM)
      (or
         (confersNorm ?DECLARE ?PROP ?NORM)
         (deprivesNorm ?DECLARE ?PROP ?NORM))))

(subclass Wedding Declaring)
(documentation Wedding "Any &%Declaring that leads to one person being
the &%spouse of another.")

(<=>
   (instance ?WED Wedding)
   (exists (?PERSON1 ?PERSON2)
      (result ?WED (spouse ?PERSON1 ?PERSON2))))

(subclass Naming Declaring)
(documentation Naming "The &%Process of assigning a name to someone or something.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROCESS Naming)
      (patient ?PROCESS ?THING)
      (destination ?PROCESS ?NAME))
   (holdsDuring (FutureFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)) (names ?NAME ?THING)))

(subclass Cooperation SocialInteraction)
(documentation Cooperation "The &%subclass of &%SocialInteraction where
the participants involved work together for the achievement of a common
goal.")

(=>
   (instance ?COOPERATE Cooperation)
   (exists (?PURP)
      (forall (?AGENT)
         (=>
            (agent ?COOPERATE ?AGENT)
            (hasPurposeForAgent ?COOPERATE ?PURP ?AGENT)))))

(subclass Meeting SocialInteraction)
(documentation Meeting "The coming together of two or more
&%CognitiveAgents for the purpose of &%Communication.  This covers informal
meetings, e.g. visits with family members, and formal meetings, e.g. a board
of directors meeting.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MEET Meeting)
      (agent ?MEET ?AGENT1)
      (agent ?MEET ?AGENT2))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?MEET) (orientation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2 Near)))

(=>
   (instance ?MEET Meeting)
   (exists (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
      (and
         (agent ?MEET ?AGENT1)
         (agent ?MEET ?AGENT2)
         (hasPurpose ?MEET (exists (?COMM) (and (instance ?COMM Communication) (agent ?COMM ?AGENT1) (agent ?COMM ?AGENT2)))))))

(subclass Contest SocialInteraction)
(documentation Contest "A &%SocialInteraction where the &%agent and
&%patient are &%CognitiveAgents who are trying to defeat one another.
Note that this concept is often applied in a metaphorical sense in natural
language, when we speak, e.g., of the struggle of plants for space or
sunlight, or of bacteria for food resources in some environment.")

(=>
   (instance ?CONTEST Contest)
   (exists (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2 ?PURP1 ?PURP2)
      (and
         (agent ?CONTEST ?AGENT1)
         (agent ?CONTEST ?AGENT2)
         (hasPurposeForAgent ?CONTEST ?PURP1 ?AGENT1)
         (hasPurposeForAgent ?CONTEST ?PURP2 ?AGENT2)
         (not
            (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2))
         (not
            (equal ?PURP1 ?PURP2)))))

(subclass ViolentContest Contest)
(documentation ViolentContest "A &%Contest where one participant attempts to
physically injure another participant.")

(subclass War ViolentContest)
(documentation War "A military confrontation between two or more
&%GeopoliticalAreas or &%Organizations whose members are &%GeopoliticalAreas.
As the corresponding axiom specifies, a &%War is made up of &%Battles.")

(=>
   (instance ?WAR War)
   (exists (?BATTLE)
      (and
         (instance ?BATTLE Battle)
         (subProcess ?BATTLE ?WAR))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?WAR War)
      (agent ?WAR ?AGENT))
   (or
      (instance ?AGENT GeopoliticalArea)
      (and
         (instance ?AGENT Organization)
         (forall (?MEMBER)
            (=>
               (member ?MEMBER ?AGENT)
               (instance ?MEMBER GeopoliticalArea))))))

(subclass Battle ViolentContest)
(documentation Battle "A &%ViolentContest between two or more military
units within the context of a war.  Note that this does not cover the
metaphorical sense of 'battle', which simply means a struggle of some
sort.  This sense should be represented with the more general concept of
&%Contest.")

(=>
   (instance ?BATTLE Battle)
   (exists (?WAR)
      (and
         (instance ?WAR War)
         (subProcess ?BATTLE ?WAR))))

(=>
   (instance ?BATTLE Battle)
   (exists (?ATTACK)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTACK ViolentContest)
         (subProcess ?ATTACK ?BATTLE))))

(subclass Game Contest)
(subclass Game RecreationOrExercise)
(documentation Game "A &%Contest whose purpose is the
enjoyment/stimulation of the participants or spectators of the &%Game.")

(subclass Sport Game)
(documentation Sport "A &%Game which requires some degree of physical
exercion from the participants of the game.")

(subclass LegalAction Contest)
(documentation LegalAction "Any &%Process where a &%CognitiveAgent seeks
to obtain something through a court of law.")

(subclass Maneuver IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Maneuver "An intentional move or play within a &%Contest.
In many cases, a &%Maneuver is a realization of part of a strategy for
winning the &%Contest, but it also may be just an arbitrary or semi-arbitrary
division of the overarching &%Contest, e.g. innings in a baseball game.")

(=>
   (instance ?MOVE Maneuver)
   (exists (?CONTEST)
      (and
         (instance ?CONTEST Contest)
         (subProcess ?MOVE ?CONTEST))))

(subclass Attack Maneuver)
(documentation Attack "A &%Maneuver in a &%ViolentContest where the
&%agent attempts to inflict damage on the &%patient.")

(=>
   (instance ?ATTACK Attack)
   (exists (?CONTEST)
      (and
         (instance ?CONTEST ViolentContest)
         (subProcess ?ATTACK ?CONTEST))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ATTACK Attack)
      (agent ?ATTACK ?AGENT)
      (patient ?ATTACK ?OBJ))
   (hasPurposeForAgent ?ATTACK (exists (?DAMAGE)
                                  (and
                                     (instance ?DAMAGE Damaging)
                                     (patient ?DAMAGE ?OBJ))) ?AGENT))

(subclass DefensiveManeuver Maneuver)
(documentation DefensiveManeuver "A &%Maneuver in a &%ViolentContest
where the &%agent attempts to avoid being damaged.")

(=>
   (instance ?DEFENSE DefensiveManeuver)
   (exists (?CONTEST)
      (and
         (instance ?CONTEST ViolentContest)
         (subProcess ?DEFENSE ?CONTEST))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DEFENSE DefensiveManeuver)
      (agent ?DEFENSE ?AGENT))
   (hasPurposeForAgent ?DEFENSE (not (exists (?DAMAGE)
                                        (and
                                           (instance ?DAMAGE Damaging)
                                           (patient ?DAMAGE ?AGENT)))) ?AGENT))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MANEUVER Maneuver)
      (instance ?CONTEST ViolentContest)
      (subProcess ?MANEUVER ?CONTEST))
   (or
      (instance ?MANEUVER Attack)
      (instance ?MANEUVER DefensiveManeuver)))

(subclass Perception PsychologicalProcess)
(documentation Perception "Sensing some aspect of the material world.
Note that the &%agent of this sensing is assumed to be an &%Animal.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PERCEPT Perception)
      (agent ?PERCEPT ?AGENT))
   (instance ?AGENT Animal))

(=>
   (instance ?AGENT SentientAgent)
   (capability Perception experiencer ?AGENT))

(subclass Seeing Perception)
(documentation Seeing "The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the
sensing is done by an ocular &%Organ.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SEE Seeing)
      (agent ?SEE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?SEE ?OBJ))
   (and
      (attribute ?OBJ Illuminated)
      (exists (?PROP)
         (and
            (instance ?PROP ColorAttribute)
            (knows ?AGENT (attribute ?OBJ ?PROP))))))

(subclass Looking Seeing)
(subclass Looking IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Looking "Any instance of &%Seeing which is intentional.")

(subclass Smelling Perception)
(documentation Smelling "The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the
sensing is done by an olefactory &%Organ.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SMELL Smelling)
      (patient ?SMELL ?OBJ))
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR OlfactoryAttribute)
         (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR))))
(subclass Tasting Perception)
(documentation Tasting "The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the
sensing is done by of an &%Organ which can discriminate various tastes.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TASTE Tasting)
      (patient ?TASTE ?OBJ))
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR TasteAttribute)
         (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR))))

(subclass Hearing Perception)
(documentation Hearing "The &%subclass of &%Perception in which the
sensing is done by an auditory &%Organ.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?HEAR Hearing)
      (patient ?HEAR ?OBJ))
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR SoundAttribute)
         (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR))))


(subclass SoundAttribute RelationalAttribute)
(documentation SoundAttribute "The volume of sound relative to a listener.")
(instance Audible SoundAttribute)
(documentation Audible "A sound level capable of being heard by a &%Human.")
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?SOUND RadiatingSound)
    (agent ?SOUND ?OBJ)
    (attribute ?SOUND Audible))
  (exists (?HUMAN)
    (and
      (instance ?HUMAN Human)
      (capability
        (KappaFn ?HEAR
          (and
            (instance ?HEAR Hearing)
            (agent ?HEAR ?HUMAN)
            (destination ?HEAR ?HUMAN)
            (origin ?HEAR ?OBJ))) agent ?HUMAN))))

(subclass Listening Hearing)
(subclass Listening IntentionalProcess)
(documentation Listening "Any instance of &%Hearing which is intentional.")

(subclass TactilePerception Perception)
(documentation TactilePerception "The &%subclass of &%Perception in which
the sensing is done by &%Touching.  Note that &%Touching need not involve
&%TactilePerception.  For example, a person who has lost all sensation in
both of his legs would have no &%TactilePerception of anything his legs
were &%Touching.")

(=>
   (instance ?TACTILE TactilePerception)
   (exists (?TOUCH)
      (and
         (instance ?TOUCH Touching)
         (subProcess ?TOUCH ?TACTILE))))

(subclass Radiating Motion)
(documentation Radiating "Processes in which some form of electromagnetic
radiation, e.g. radio waves, light waves, electrical energy, etc., is given
off or absorbed by something else.")

(subclass RadiatingLight Radiating)
(documentation RadiatingLight "The &%subclass of &%Radiating in which
light is given off or absorbed.  Some examples include blinking, flashing,
and glittering.")

(<=>
   (exists (?EMIT)
      (and
         (instance ?EMIT RadiatingLight)
         (patient ?EMIT ?REGION)
         (instance ?REGION Region)))
   (attribute ?REGION Illuminated))

(subclass RadiatingSound Radiating)
(documentation RadiatingSound "The &%subclass of &%Radiating in which
sound waves are given off or absorbed.  Some examples include creaking,
roaring, and whistling.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?EMIT RadiatingSound)
      (agent ?EMIT ?SOUND))
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR SoundAttribute)
         (attribute ?SOUND ?ATTR))))
(subclass Music RadiatingSound)
(documentation Music "The &%subclass of &%RadiatingSound where the
sound is intended to be melodic and is produced deliberately.")

(subclass RadiatingElectromagnetic Radiating)
(documentation RadiatingElectromagnetic "&%RadiatingElectromagnetic
is the subclass of &%Radiating processes in which electromagnetic
radiation is transmitted or absorbed.")


(subclass RadiatingNuclear Radiating)
(documentation RadiatingNuclear "Releasing atomic energy, i.e. energy from
a nuclear reaction.")

(subclass StateChange InternalChange)
(documentation StateChange "Any &%Process where the &%PhysicalState
of &%part of the &%patient of the &%Process changes.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROCESS StateChange)
      (patient ?PROCESS ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PART ?STATE1 ?STATE2)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (instance ?STATE1 PhysicalState)
         (instance ?STATE2 PhysicalState)
         (not (equal ?STATE1 ?STATE2))
         (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)) (attribute ?PART ?STATE1))
         (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)) (attribute ?PART ?STATE2)))))

(subclass Melting StateChange)
(documentation Melting "The &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is
heated and converted from a &%Solid to a &%Liquid.")

(=>
   (instance ?MELT Melting)
   (exists (?HEAT)
      (and
         (instance ?HEAT Heating)
         (subProcess ?HEAT ?MELT))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MELT Melting)
      (patient ?MELT ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?MELT)) (attribute ?PART Solid))
         (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?MELT)) (attribute ?PART Liquid)))))

(subclass Boiling StateChange)
(documentation Boiling "The &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is
heated and converted from a &%Liquid to a &%Gas.")

(=>
   (instance ?BOIL Boiling)
   (exists (?HEAT)
      (and
         (instance ?HEAT Heating)
         (subProcess ?HEAT ?BOIL))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?BOIL Boiling)
      (patient ?BOIL ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?BOIL)) (attribute ?PART Liquid))
         (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?BOIL)) (attribute ?PART Gas)))))

(subclass Condensing StateChange)
(documentation Condensing "The &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is
cooled and converted from a &%Gas to a &%Liquid.")

(=>
   (instance ?COND Condensing)
   (exists (?COOL)
      (and
         (instance ?COOL Cooling)
         (subProcess ?COOL ?COND))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?COND Condensing)
      (patient ?COND ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?COND)) (attribute ?PART Gas))
         (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?COND)) (attribute ?PART Liquid)))))

(subclass Freezing StateChange)
(documentation Freezing "The &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is
cooled and converted from a &%Liquid to a &%Solid.")

(=>
   (instance ?FREEZE Freezing)
   (exists (?COOL)
      (and
         (instance ?COOL Cooling)
         (subProcess ?COOL ?FREEZE))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?FREEZE Freezing)
      (patient ?FREEZE ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?FREEZE)) (attribute ?PART Liquid))
         (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?FREEZE)) (attribute ?PART Solid)))))



;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;    OBJECTS    ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'MEREOTOPOLOGY'
;; INCLUDES 'PROCESSES'
;; INCLUDES 'QUALITIES'

(subclass AstronomicalBody Region)
(disjoint AstronomicalBody GeographicArea)
(documentation AstronomicalBody "The &%Class of all astronomical
objects of significant size.  It includes &%SelfConnectedObjects
like planets, stars, and asteroids, as well as &%Collections like
nebulae, galaxies, and constellations.  Note that the planet Earth
is an &%AstronomicalBody, but every &%Region of Earth is a
&%GeographicArea.")

(subclass GeographicArea Region)
(partition GeographicArea WaterArea LandArea)
(documentation GeographicArea "A geographic location, generally having
definite boundaries.  Note that this differs from its immediate superclass
&%Region in that a &%GeographicArea is a three-dimensional &%Region of the
earth.  Accordingly, all astronomical objects other than earth and all
one-dimensional and two-dimensional &%Regions are not classed under
&%GeographicArea.")

(instance geographicSubregion BinaryPredicate)
(instance geographicSubregion TransitiveRelation)
(instance geographicSubregion AsymmetricRelation)
(subrelation geographicSubregion properPart)
(subrelation geographicSubregion located)
(domain geographicSubregion 1 GeographicArea)
(domain geographicSubregion 2 GeographicArea)
(documentation geographicSubregion "(&%geographicSubregion ?PART ?WHOLE)
means that the &%GeographicArea ?PART is part of the &%GeographicArea
?WHOLE.")

(subclass GeopoliticalArea GeographicArea)
(subclass GeopoliticalArea Agent)
(documentation GeopoliticalArea "Any &%GeographicArea which is associated
with some sort of political structure.  This class includes &%Lands,
&%Cities, districts of cities, counties, etc.  Note that the identity
of a &%GeopoliticalArea may remain constant after a change in borders.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?AREA GeopoliticalArea)
        (leader (GovernmentFn ?AREA) ?PERSON))
   (leader ?AREA ?PERSON))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?AREA GeopoliticalArea)
        (leader ?AREA ?PERSON))
(leader (GovernmentFn ?AREA) ?PERSON))

(=>
        (and
                (instance ?EVENT Election)
                (agent ?EVENT ?AGENT)
                (instance ?AGENT GeopoliticalArea))
        (instance ?EVENT PoliticalProcess))

(=>
        (and
                (instance ?EVENT Election)
                (agent ?EVENT ?AGENT)
                (instance ?AREA GeopoliticalArea)
                (instance ?AGENT (GovernmentFn ?AREA)))
        (instance ?EVENT PoliticalProcess))

(instance geopoliticalSubdivision AsymmetricRelation)
(instance geopoliticalSubdivision TransitiveRelation)
(subrelation geopoliticalSubdivision geographicSubregion)
(domain geopoliticalSubdivision 1 GeopoliticalArea)
(domain geopoliticalSubdivision 2 GeopoliticalArea)
(documentation geopoliticalSubdivision "(&%geopoliticalSubdivision
?AREA1 ?AREA2) means that ?AREA1 is any geopolitical part of ?AREA2;
that is, ?AREA1 is an integral &%geographicSubregion of ?AREA2 (not a
&%DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea), having its own associated
&%GovernmentOrganization which is subordinated to or constrained by
the government of ?AREA2.  Cf. &%dependentGeopoliticalArea.")

(=>
        (geopoliticalSubdivision ?SUB ?AREA)
        (not (instance ?SUB Nation)))

(subclass WaterArea GeographicArea)
(documentation WaterArea "A body which is made up predominantly of water,
e.g. rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?AREA WaterArea)
   (exists (?BED ?HOLE ?WATER)
      (and
         (equal (HoleHostFn ?HOLE) ?BED)
         (instance ?WATER Water)
         (properlyFills ?WATER ?HOLE)
         (equal (MereologicalSumFn ?BED ?WATER) ?AREA))))

(subclass SaltWaterArea WaterArea)
(disjoint SaltWaterArea FreshWaterArea)
(documentation SaltWaterArea "A &%WaterArea whose &%Water is saline, e.g.
oceans and seas.")

(subclass FreshWaterArea WaterArea)
(documentation FreshWaterArea "A &%WaterArea whose &%Water is not saline,
e.g. most rivers and lakes.")

(subclass StreamWaterArea WaterArea)
(disjoint StreamWaterArea StaticWaterArea)
(documentation StreamWaterArea "A relatively narrow &%WaterArea where the
water flows constantly and in the same direction, e.g. a river, a stream,
etc.")

(subclass StaticWaterArea WaterArea)
(documentation StaticWaterArea "A &%WaterArea in which water does not flow
constantly or in the same direction, e.g. most lakes and ponds.")

(subclass LandArea GeographicArea)
(documentation LandArea "An area which is predominantly solid ground,
e.g. a &%Nation, a mountain, a desert, etc.  Note that a &%LandArea may
contain some relatively small &%WaterAreas.  For example, Australia is
a &%LandArea even though it contains various rivers and lakes.")

(=>
   (instance ?LAND1 LandArea)
   (exists (?LAND2)
      (and
         (part ?LAND1 ?LAND2)
         (or
            (instance ?LAND2 Continent)
            (instance ?LAND2 Island)))))

(subclass ShoreArea LandArea)
(documentation ShoreArea "A &%ShoreArea is a &%LandArea approximately
1-3 km wide bordering a body of water, such as an ocean, bay, river,
or lake.  A &%ShoreArea may comprise a variety of &%LandForms, such as dunes,
sloughs, and marshes.")

(=>
   (instance ?BANK ShoreArea)
   (exists (?WATER)
      (and
         (instance ?WATER WaterArea)
         (meetsSpatially ?BANK ?WATER))))

(subclass Continent LandArea)
(documentation Continent "One of the seven largest land masses on earth,
viz. Africa, North America, &%SouthAmerica, &%Antarctica, Europe, Asia, and
Oceania.  Note that this naming scheme is the one used in the CIA World
Factbook.")

(equal (CardinalityFn Continent) 7)

(subclass Island LandArea)
(documentation Island "A &%LandArea that is completely surrounded by a &%WaterArea.")

(=>
   (instance ?ISLAND Island)
   (not
      (exists (?AREA ?PART1 ?PART2)
         (and
            (instance ?AREA LandArea)
            (part ?PART1 ?ISLAND)
            (part ?PART2 ?AREA)
            (not
               (part ?ISLAND ?AREA))
            (not
               (part ?AREA ?ISLAND))
            (meetsSpatially ?PART1 ?PART2)))))

(=>
        (and
                (instance ?ISLE Island)
                (instance ?AREA GeographicArea)
                (meetsSpatially ?ISLE ?AREA))
        (not
                (instance ?AREA LandArea)))

(=>
        (instance ?ISLE Island)
        (exists (?WATER)
                (and
                        (instance ?WATER WaterArea)
                        (meetsSpatially ?ISLE ?WATER))))

(subclass Nation GeopoliticalArea)
(subclass Nation LandArea)
(documentation Nation "The broadest &%GeopoliticalArea, i.e. &%Nations are
&%GeopoliticalAreas that are not part of any other overarching and
comprehensive governance structure (excepting commonwealths and other sorts
of loose international organizations).")

(subclass StateOrProvince GeopoliticalArea)
(subclass StateOrProvince LandArea)
(documentation StateOrProvince "Administrative subdivisions of a
&%Nation that are broader than any other political subdivisions that
may exist.  This &%Class includes the states of the United States, as
well as the provinces of Canada and European countries.")

(=>
   (instance ?STATE StateOrProvince)
   (exists (?LAND)
      (and
         (instance ?LAND Nation)
         (properPart ?STATE ?LAND))))

(subclass City GeopoliticalArea)
(subclass City LandArea)
(documentation City "A &%LandArea of relatively small size, inhabited
by a community of people, and having some sort of political structure.
Note that this class includes both large cities and small settlements
like towns, villages, hamlets, etc.")

(subclass Transitway Region)
(subclass Transitway SelfConnectedObject)
(documentation Transitway "&%Transitway is the broadest class
of regions which may be passed through as a &%path in instances
of &%Translocation.  &%Transitway includes land, air, and sea
regions, and it includes both natural and artificial transitways.")

(subclass LandTransitway Transitway)
(subclass LandTransitway LandArea)
(documentation LandTransitway "&%LandTransitway is the subclass of
&%Transitway that represents areas intended for motion over the ground.")

(=>
   (instance ?WAY Transitway)
   (hasPurpose (exists (?TRANSPORT)
                  (and
                     (instance ?TRANSPORT Transportation)
                     (path ?TRANSPORT ?WAY)))))

(subclass Roadway LandTransitway)
(documentation Roadway "&%Roadway is the subclass of &%LandTransitways
that are areas intended for surface travel by self-powered, wheeled
vehicles, excluding those that travel on tracks.  &%Roadways have been
at least minimally improved to enable the passage of vehicles.
&%Roadways include dirt and gravelled roads, paved streets, and
expressways.")

(subclass Water CompoundSubstance)
(documentation Water "The &%Class of samples of the compound H20.  Note
that this &%Class covers both pure and impure &%Water.")

(subclass Mineral Substance)
(documentation Mineral " Any of various naturally occurring homogeneous substances (such as stone, coal, salt, sulfur, sand, petroleum), or synthetic substances having the chemical composition and crystalline form and properties of a naturally occurring mineral.")

(instance developmentalForm BinaryPredicate)
(instance developmentalForm AsymmetricRelation)
(instance developmentalForm TransitiveRelation)
(subrelation developmentalForm attribute)
(domain developmentalForm 1 OrganicObject)
(domain developmentalForm 2 DevelopmentalAttribute)
(documentation developmentalForm "(&%developmentalForm ?OBJECT ?FORM)
means that ?FORM is an earlier stage in the individual maturation of
?OBJECT.  For example, tadpole and caterpillar are &%developmentalForms
of frogs and butterflies, respectively.")

(=>
   (and
      (holdsDuring ?TIME1 (developmentalForm ?OBJ ?ATTR1))
      (successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR2 ?ATTR1))
   (exists (?TIME2)
      (and
         (earlier ?TIME2 ?TIME1)
         (holdsDuring ?TIME2 (developmentalForm ?OBJ ?ATTR2)))))

(subclass OrganicObject CorpuscularObject)
(disjoint OrganicObject Artifact)
(partition OrganicObject Organism AnatomicalStructure)
(documentation OrganicObject "This class encompasses &%Organisms,
&%CorpuscularObjects that are parts of &%Organisms, i.e. &%BodyParts,
and &%CorpuscularObjects that are nonintentionally produced by
&%Organisms, e.g. &%ReproductiveBodies.")

(subclass Organism OrganicObject)
(subclass Organism Agent)
(partition Organism Animal Plant Microorganism)
(documentation Organism "Generally, a living individual, including all
&%Plants and &%Animals.")

(=>
   (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
   (exists (?BIRTH)
      (and
         (instance ?BIRTH Birth)
         (experiencer ?BIRTH ?ORGANISM))))

(instance inhabits BinaryPredicate)
(instance inhabits AsymmetricRelation)
(domain inhabits 1 Organism)
(domain inhabits 2 Object)
(documentation inhabits "A very basic notion of living within something
else.  (&%inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is the residence
(either permanent or temporary), nest, etc. of ?ORGANISM.")

(=>
   (inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJ)
   (exists (?TIME)
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (located ?ORGANISM ?OBJ))))

(=>
   (and
      (inhabits ?PERSON ?PLACE)
      (instance ?PERSON Human))
   (or
      (home ?PERSON ?PLACE)
      (stays ?PERSON ?PLACE)))

(subrelation home inhabits)
(domain home 1 Human)
(domain home 2 PermanentResidence)
(documentation home "The relation between a &%Human and a &%PermanentResidence
of the &%Human.")

(subrelation stays inhabits)
(disjointRelation stays home)
(domain stays 1 Human)
(domain stays 2 TemporaryResidence)
(documentation stays "The relation between a &%Human and a &%TemporaryResidence
of the &%Human.")

(subclass Plant Organism)
(documentation Plant "An &%Organism having cellulose cell walls, growing
by synthesis of &%Substances, generally distinguished by the presence of
chlorophyll, and lacking the power of locomotion.")

(subclass FloweringPlant Plant)
(documentation FloweringPlant "A &%Plant that produces seeds and flowers.
This class includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and flowers.")

(subclass NonFloweringPlant Plant)
(disjoint NonFloweringPlant FloweringPlant)
(disjointDecomposition NonFloweringPlant Alga Fern Fungus Moss)
(documentation NonFloweringPlant "A &%Plant that reproduces with spores and
does not produce flowers.")

(subclass Alga NonFloweringPlant)
(documentation Alga "A chiefly aquatic plant that contains chlorophyll,
but does not form embryos during development and lacks vascular tissue.")

(=>
        (instance ?ALGA Alga)
        (exists (?WATER)
                (and
                        (inhabits ?ALGA ?WATER)
                        (instance ?WATER Water))))

(subclass Fungus NonFloweringPlant)
(documentation Fungus "A eukaryotic &%Organism characterized by the
absence of chlorophyll and the presence of rigid cell walls. Included
here are both slime molds and true fungi such as yeasts, molds, mildews,
and mushrooms.")

(=>
        (and
                (instance ?FUNGUS Fungus)
                (inhabits ?FUNGUS ?OBJ))
        (instance ?OBJ Organism))

(subclass Moss NonFloweringPlant)
(documentation Moss "A &%NonFloweringPlant without true roots and little
if any vascular tissue.")

(subclass Fern NonFloweringPlant)
(documentation Fern "A &%NonFloweringPlant that contains vascular tissue.
This class includes true ferns, as well as horsetails, club mosses, and
whisk ferns.")

(subclass Animal Organism)
(partition Animal Vertebrate Invertebrate)
(documentation Animal "An &%Organism with eukaryotic &%Cells, and lacking
stiff cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments.")

(subclass Microorganism Organism)
(documentation Microorganism "An &%Organism that can be seen only with
the aid of a microscope.")

(subclass Bacterium Microorganism)
(documentation Bacterium "A small, typically one-celled, prokaryotic
&%Microorganism.")

(=>
   (instance ?BACTERIUM Bacterium)
   (exists (?CELL1)
      (and
         (component ?CELL1 ?BACTERIUM)
         (instance ?CELL1 Cell)
         (forall (?CELL2)
            (=>
               (and
                  (component ?CELL2 ?BACTERIUM)
                  (instance ?CELL2 Cell))
               (equal ?CELL1 ?CELL2))))))

(=>
        (and
                (instance ?BACTERIUM Bacterium)
                (inhabits ?BACTERIUM ?OBJ))
        (instance ?OBJ Organism))

(subclass Virus Microorganism)
(documentation Virus "An &%Organism consisting of a core of a single
nucleic acid enclosed in a protective coat of protein. A virus may replicate
only inside a host living cell. A virus exhibits some but not all of the
usual characteristics of living things.")

(=>
   (instance ?VIRUS Virus)
   (exists (?MOL1)
      (and
         (component ?MOL1 ?VIRUS)
         (instance ?MOL1 Molecule)
         (forall (?MOL2)
            (=>
               (and
                  (component ?MOL2 ?VIRUS)
                  (instance ?MOL2 Molecule))
               (equal ?MOL1 ?MOL2))))))

(=>
        (and
                (instance ?VIRUS Virus)
                (inhabits ?VIRUS ?OBJ))
        (instance ?OBJ Organism))

(=>
        (and
                (instance ?VIRUS Virus)
                (instance ?PROC Replication)
                (agent ?PROC ?VIRUS))
        (exists (?CELL)
                (and
                        (located ?PROC ?CELL)
                        (instance ?CELL Cell))))

(subclass Vertebrate Animal)
(documentation Vertebrate "An &%Animal which has a spinal column.")

(subclass Invertebrate Animal)
(disjointDecomposition Invertebrate Worm Mollusk Arthropod)
(documentation Invertebrate "An &%Animal which has no spinal column.")

(subclass Worm Invertebrate)
(documentation Worm "Long, narrow, soft-bodied &%Invertebrates.")

(subclass Mollusk Invertebrate)
(documentation Mollusk "Soft-bodied &%Invertebrate that is usually
contained in a shell.  Includes oysters, clams, mussels, snails, slugs,
octopi, and squid.")

(subclass Arthropod Invertebrate)
(disjointDecomposition Arthropod Arachnid Myriapod Insect Crustacean)
(documentation Arthropod "A &%Class of &%Invertebrate that includes
&%Arachnids and &%Insects.")

(subclass Arachnid Arthropod)
(documentation Arachnid "A &%Class of &%Arthropods that includes
ticks and spiders.")

(subclass Myriapod Arthropod)
(documentation Myriapod "A &%Class of &%Arthropods that includes
centipedes and millipedes.")

(subclass Insect Arthropod)
(documentation Insect "A &%Class of small &%Arthropods that are
air-breathing and that are distinguished by appearance.")

(subclass Crustacean Arthropod)
(documentation Crustacean "A &%Class of &%Arthropods that mainly dwells
in water and has a segmented body and a chitinous exoskeleton.  Includes
lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles.")

(subclass ColdBloodedVertebrate Vertebrate)
(disjointDecomposition ColdBloodedVertebrate Amphibian Fish Reptile)
(documentation ColdBloodedVertebrate "&%Vertebrates whose body temperature
is not internally regulated.")

(subclass WarmBloodedVertebrate Vertebrate)
(disjoint WarmBloodedVertebrate ColdBloodedVertebrate)
(documentation WarmBloodedVertebrate "&%Vertebrates whose body temperature
is internally regulated.")

(subclass Amphibian ColdBloodedVertebrate)
(documentation Amphibian "A cold-blooded, smooth-skinned &%Vertebrate
which characteristically hatches as an aquatic larva, breathing by
gills.  When mature, the &%Amphibian breathes with &%Lungs.")

(subclass Bird WarmBloodedVertebrate)
(disjoint Bird Mammal)
(documentation Bird "A &%Vertebrate having a constant body temperature
and characterized by the presence of feathers.")

(subclass Fish ColdBloodedVertebrate)
(documentation Fish "A cold-blooded aquatic &%Vertebrate characterized by
fins and breathing by gills. Included here are &%Fish having either a bony
skeleton, such as a perch, or a cartilaginous skeleton, such as a shark.
Also included are those &%Fish lacking a jaw, such as a lamprey or
hagfish.")

(=>
        (instance ?FISH Fish)
        (exists (?WATER)
                (and
                        (inhabits ?FISH ?WATER)
                        (instance ?WATER Water))))

(subclass Mammal WarmBloodedVertebrate)
(disjointDecomposition Mammal AquaticMammal HoofedMammal Marsupial Rodent Primate)
(documentation Mammal "A &%Vertebrate having a constant body temperature
and characterized by the presence of hair, mammary glands, and sweat
glands.")

(subclass AquaticMammal Mammal)
(documentation AquaticMammal "The &%Class of &%Mammals that dwell chiefly
in the water.  Includes whales, dolphins, manatees, seals, and walruses.")

(subclass HoofedMammal Mammal)
(documentation HoofedMammal "The &%Class of quadruped &%Mammals with hooves.
Includes horses, cows, sheep, pigs, antelope, etc.")

(subclass Marsupial Mammal)
(documentation Marsupial "The &%Class of &%Mammals which have a pouch for
their young.")

(subclass Carnivore Mammal)
(documentation Carnivore "The &%Class of flesh-eating &%Mammals.  Members
of this &%Class typically have four or five claws on each paw.  Includes
cats, dogs, bears, racoons, and skunks.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CARNIVORE Carnivore)
      (instance ?EAT Eating)
      (agent ?EAT ?CARNIVORE)
      (patient ?EAT ?PREY))
   (instance ?PREY Animal))

(subclass Canine Carnivore)
(disjoint Canine Feline)
(documentation Canine "The &%Class of &%Carnivores with completely
separable toes, nonretractable claws, and long muzzles.")

(subclass Feline Carnivore)
(documentation Feline "The &%Class of &%Carnivores with completely
separable toes, slim bodies, and rounded heads.  All felines other than
the cheetah have retractable claws.")

(subclass Rodent Mammal)
(documentation Rodent "The &%Class of &%Mammals with one or two pairs
of incisors for gnawing.  Includes rats, mice, guinea pigs, and
rabbits.")

(subclass Primate Mammal)
(disjointDecomposition Primate Ape Monkey Hominid)
(documentation Primate "The &%Class of &%Mammals which are
&%Primates.")

(subclass Ape Primate)
(documentation Ape "Various &%Primates with no tails or only short
tails.")

(subclass Monkey Primate)
(documentation Monkey "Various &%Primates with relatively long
tails.")

(subclass Hominid Primate)
(documentation Hominid "Includes &%Humans and relatively recent
ancestors of &%Humans.")

(subclass Human Hominid)
(subclass Human CognitiveAgent)
(partition Human Man Woman)
(documentation Human "Modern man, the only remaining species of the Homo
genus.")

(subclass Man Human)
(documentation Man "The class of &%Male &%Humans.")

(=>
   (instance ?MAN Man)
   (attribute ?MAN Male))

(subclass Woman Human)
(documentation Woman "The class of &%Female &%Humans.")

(=>
   (instance ?WOMAN Woman)
   (attribute ?WOMAN Female))

(subclass Reptile ColdBloodedVertebrate)
(documentation Reptile "A &%ColdBloodedVertebrate having an external
covering of scales or horny plates.  &%Reptiles breathe by means of
&%Lungs and generally lay eggs.")

;; The following formulas cover biologically related &%Classes under
;; &%Substance.

(subclass BiologicallyActiveSubstance Substance)
(documentation BiologicallyActiveSubstance "A &%Substance that is
capable of inducing a change in the structure or functioning of an
&%Organism.  This &%Class includes &%Substances used in the treatment,
diagnosis, prevention or analysis of normal and abnormal body function.
This &%Class also includes &%Substances that occur naturally in the body
and are administered therapeutically.  Finally, &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance
includes &%Nutrients, most drugs of abuse, and agents that require special
handling because of their toxicity.")

(subclass Nutrient BiologicallyActiveSubstance)
(disjointDecomposition Nutrient Protein Carbohydrate Vitamin)
(documentation Nutrient "A &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance required by an &%Organism.
It is generally ingested as &%Food, and it is of primary interest because of its role
in the biologic functioning of the &%Organism.")

(subclass Protein Nutrient)
(documentation Protein "A &%Nutrient made up of amino acids joined by
peptide bonds.")

(subclass Enzyme Protein)
(documentation Enzyme "A complex &%Protein that is produced by living
cells and which catalyzes specific biochemical reactions. There are six
main types of enzymes:  oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases,
lyases, isomerases, and ligases.")
(subclass Carbohydrate Nutrient)
(documentation Carbohydrate "An element of living cells and a source of
energy for &%Animals.  This class includes both simple &%Carbohydrates,
i.e. sugars, and complex &%Carbohydrates, i.e. starches.")

(subclass Vitamin Nutrient)
(documentation Vitamin "A &%Nutrient present in natural products or made
synthetically, which is essential in the diet of &%Humans and other higher
&%Animals.  Included here are &%Vitamin precursors and provitamins.")

(subclass LiquidMixture Mixture)
(partition LiquidMixture Solution Suspension)
(documentation LiquidMixture "Any &%Mixture that satisfies two conditions,
viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a &%Liquid and any
component other than &%Liquid in the &%Mixture is in the form of fine particles
which are suspended in the &%Liquid.")

(=>
   (instance ?MIX LiquidMixture)
   (exists (?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?MIX)
         (attribute ?PART Liquid))))

(subclass Solution LiquidMixture)
(documentation Solution "A liquid mixture. The most abundant component in
a solution is called the solvent. Other components are called solutes.
A solution, though homogeneous, may nonetheless have variable composition.
Any amount of salt, up to a maximum limit, can be dissolved in a given
amount of water.")

(subclass Suspension LiquidMixture)
(documentation Suspension "A &%LiquidMixture where at least one of the
components of the &%Mixture is equally distributed throughout the &%Mixture
but is not dissolved in it.")

(subclass GasMixture Mixture)
(disjoint GasMixture LiquidMixture)
(documentation GasMixture "Any &%Mixture that satisfies two conditions,
viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a &%Gas and any
component other than &%Gas in the &%Mixture is in the form of fine particles
which are suspended in the &%Gas.")

(=>
   (instance ?MIX GasMixture)
   (exists (?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?MIX)
         (attribute ?PART Gas))))

(subclass Cloud GasMixture)
(documentation Cloud "Any &%GasMixture that is visible, e.g. &%Smoke produced
by a fire or clouds of water vapor in the sky.")

(=>
   (instance ?CLOUD Cloud)
   (capability Seeing patient ?CLOUD))

(subclass Smoke Cloud)
(documentation Smoke "A mixture of fine particles suspended in a gas that is
produced by &%Combustion.")

(=>
   (instance ?SMOKE Smoke)
   (exists (?BURNING)
      (and
         (instance ?BURNING Combustion)
         (result ?BURNING ?SMOKE))))

(subclass WaterCloud Cloud)
(documentation WaterCloud "Any &%Cloud that is composed primarily of water vapor.")

(=>
   (instance ?CLOUD WaterCloud)
   (exists (?WATER)
      (and
         (instance ?WATER Water)
         (part ?WATER ?CLOUD))))

(=>
   (instance ?CLOUD WaterCloud)
   (forall (?PART)
      (=>
         (and
            (part ?PART ?CLOUD)
            (not (instance ?PART Water)))
         (exists (?WATER)
            (and
               (instance ?WATER Water)
               (part ?WATER ?CLOUD)
               (measure ?WATER ?MEASURE1)
               (measure ?PART ?MEASURE2)
               (greaterThan ?MEASURE1 ?MEASURE2))))))

(subclass Air GasMixture)
(documentation Air "&%Air is the gaseous stuff that makes up the
atmosphere surrounding Earth.")

(=>
   (instance ?WIND Wind)
   (exists (?AIR)
      (and
         (patient ?WIND ?AIR)
         (instance ?AIR Air))))

(subclass BodySubstance Mixture)
(documentation BodySubstance "Extracellular material and mixtures of
cells and extracellular material that are produced, excreted or accreted
by an &%Organism.  Included here are &%Substances such as saliva, dental
enamel, sweat, and gastric acid.")

(subclass AnimalSubstance BodySubstance)
(documentation AnimalSubstance "&%BodySubstances that are produced
exclusively by &%Animals.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE AnimalSubstance)
      (instance ?ANIMAL Organism)
      (part ?SUBSTANCE ?ANIMAL))
   (instance ?ANIMAL Animal))

(subclass PlantSubstance BodySubstance)
(documentation PlantSubstance "&%BodySubstances that are produced
exclusively by &%Plants.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE PlantSubstance)
      (instance ?PLANT Organism)
      (part ?SUBSTANCE ?PLANT))
   (instance ?PLANT Plant))

(subclass Hormone BodySubstance)
(subclass Hormone BiologicallyActiveSubstance)
(documentation Hormone "In &%Animals, a chemical secreted by an
endocrine gland whose products are released into the circulating fluid.
&%Plant hormones or synthetic hormones which are used only to alter or
control various physiologic processes, e.g., reproductive control agents,
are assigned to the &%Class &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance. &%Hormones act as
chemical messengers and regulate various physiologic processes such as
growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc.  They usually fall into two broad
categories, viz. steroid hormones and peptide hormones.")

(=>
   (instance ?HORMONE Hormone)
   (exists (?PROCESS ?GLAND)
      (and
         (instance ?GLAND Gland)
         (instrument ?PROCESS ?GLAND)
         (result ?PROCESS ?HORMONE))))

(subclass Blood BodySubstance)
(documentation Blood "A fluid present in &%Animals that transports
&%Nutrients to and waste products away from various &%BodyParts.")

(subclass Food SelfConnectedObject)
(disjointDecomposition Food Meat Beverage)
(documentation Food "Any &%SelfConnectedObject containing &%Nutrients,
such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that can be ingested by a
living &%Animal and metabolized into energy and body tissue.")

(=>
    (instance ?FOOD Food)
    (exists (?NUTRIENT)
        (and
            (instance ?NUTRIENT Nutrient)
            (part ?NUTRIENT ?FOOD))))

(=>
   (instance ?FOOD Food)
   (forall (?PART1)
      (=>
         (part ?PART1 ?FOOD)
         (exists (?PART2 ?ANIMAL)
            (and
               (part ?PART1 ?PART2)
               (part ?PART2 ?ANIMAL)
               (instance ?ANIMAL Animal))))))

(subclass Meat Food)
(documentation Meat "Any &%Food which was originally part of an
&%Animal and is not ingested by drinking, including eggs and animal
blood that is eaten as food.  Note that this class covers both raw
meat and meat that has been prepared in some way, e.g. by cooking.
Note too that preparations involving &%Meat and &%FruitOrVegetable
are classed directly under &%Food.")

(=>
   (instance ?MEAT Meat)
   (forall (?PART)
      (=>
         (part ?PART ?MEAT)
         (exists (?SUBPART ?TIME ?ANIMAL)
            (and
               (part ?SUBPART ?PART)
               (holdsDuring ?TIME (and (instance ?ANIMAL Animal) (part ?SUBPART ?ANIMAL))))))))

(subclass Beverage Food)
(documentation Beverage "Any &%Food that is ingested by &%Drinking.
Note that this class is disjoint with the other subclasses of &%Food,
i.e. &%Meat and &%FruitOrVegetable.")

(=>
   (instance ?BEV Beverage)
   (attribute ?BEV Liquid))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DRINK Drinking)
      (patient ?DRINK ?BEV))
   (instance ?BEV Beverage))

(subclass AnatomicalStructure OrganicObject)
(partition AnatomicalStructure BodyPart AbnormalAnatomicalStructure)
(partition AnatomicalStructure AnimalAnatomicalStructure PlantAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation AnatomicalStructure "A normal or pathological part
of the anatomy or structural organization of an &%Organism.  This
class covers &%BodyParts, as well as structures that are given off
by &%Organisms, e.g. &%ReproductiveBodies.")

(=>
    (instance ?ANAT AnatomicalStructure)
    (exists (?ORGANISM ?TIME)
        (and
            (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
            (temporalPart ?TIME (WhenFn ?ORGANISM))
            (holdsDuring ?TIME (part ?ANAT ?ORGANISM)))))

(=>
    (instance ?PART AnatomicalStructure)
    (exists (?CELL)
        (and
            (instance ?CELL Cell)
            (part ?CELL ?PART))))

(subclass AbnormalAnatomicalStructure AnatomicalStructure)
(documentation AbnormalAnatomicalStructure "Any &%AnatomicalStructure which
is not normally found in the &%Organism of which it is a part, i.e. it is
the result of a &%PathologicProcess.  This class covers tumors, birth marks,
goiters, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?STRUCTURE AbnormalAnatomicalStructure)
   (exists (?PROC)
      (and
         (instance ?PROC PathologicProcess)
         (result ?PROC ?STRUCTURE))))

(subclass BodyPart AnatomicalStructure)
(documentation BodyPart "A collection of &%Cells and &%Tissues which
are localized to a specific area of an &%Organism and which are not
pathological. The instances of this &%Class range from gross structures
to small components of complex &%Organs.")

(=>
    (instance ?PART BodyPart)
    (exists (?ORGANISM ?TIME)
        (and
            (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
            (temporalPart ?TIME (WhenFn ?ORGANISM))
            (holdsDuring ?TIME (component ?PART ?ORGANISM)))))

(=>
   (instance ?PART BodyPart)
   (exists (?PROC)
      (and
         (instance ?PROC PhysiologicProcess)
         (result ?PROC ?PART))))

(subclass AnimalAnatomicalStructure AnatomicalStructure)
(documentation AnimalAnatomicalStructure "&%AnatomicalStructures that
are possessed exclusively by &%Animals.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?STRUCTURE AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
      (instance ?ANIMAL Organism)
      (part ?STRUCTURE ?ANIMAL))
   (instance ?ANIMAL Animal))

(subclass PlantAnatomicalStructure AnatomicalStructure)
(documentation PlantAnatomicalStructure "&%AnatomicalStructures that
are possessed exclusively by &%Plants.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?STRUCTURE PlantAnatomicalStructure)
      (instance ?PLANT Organism)
      (part ?STRUCTURE ?PLANT))
   (instance ?PLANT Plant))

(subclass ReproductiveBody BodyPart)
(documentation ReproductiveBody "Reproductive structure of &%Organisms.
Consists of an &%Embryonic &%Object and a nutritive/protective envelope.
Note that this class includes seeds, spores, and &%FruitOrVegetables, as
well as the eggs produced by &%Animals.")

(subclass Egg ReproductiveBody)
(subclass Egg AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Egg "The fertilized or unfertilized female &%ReproductiveBody
of an &%Animal.  This includes &%Bird and &%Reptile eggs, as well as mammalian
ova.")

(subclass Seed ReproductiveBody)
(subclass Seed PlantAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Seed "The fertilized or unfertilized female &%ReproductiveBody
of a &%FloweringPlant.")

(=>
   (instance ?SEED Seed)
   (exists (?PLANT ?TIME)
      (and
         (instance ?PLANT FloweringPlant)
         (holdsDuring ?TIME (part ?SEED ?PLANT)))))

(subclass Pollen ReproductiveBody)
(subclass Pollen PlantAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Pollen "A powder produced by &%FloweringPlants that contains male
gametes and is capable of fertilizing the seeds of &%FloweringPlants of the same
species.")

(subclass FruitOrVegetable PlantAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass FruitOrVegetable ReproductiveBody)
(documentation FruitOrVegetable "Any fruit or vegetable, i.e. a
ripened &%ReproductiveBody of a &%Plant.  Note that &%FruitOrVegetable
is not a subclass of &%Food, because some fruits, e.g. poisonous
berries, are not edible.")

(subclass Spore ReproductiveBody)
(subclass Spore PlantAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Spore "Any &%ReproductiveBody of a &%NonFloweringPlant.")

(=>
   (instance ?SPORE Spore)
   (exists (?PLANT ?TIME)
      (and
         (instance ?PLANT NonFloweringPlant)
         (holdsDuring ?TIME (part ?SPORE ?PLANT)))))

(subclass BodyCovering BodyPart)
(documentation BodyCovering "Any &%BodyPart which is a covering of another
&%BodyPart or of an entire &%Organism.  This would include the rinds of
&%FruitOrVegetables and the skins of &%Animals.")

(=>
   (instance ?COVER BodyCovering)
   (exists (?BODY)
      (and
         (superficialPart ?COVER ?BODY)
         (or
            (instance ?BODY Organism)
            (instance ?BODY BodyPart)))))

(subclass BodyJunction BodyPart)
(documentation BodyJunction "The place where two &%BodyParts
meet or connect.")

(=>
    (instance ?JUNCT BodyJunction)
    (exists (?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
        (and
            (instance ?OBJ1 BodyPart)
            (instance ?OBJ2 BodyPart)
            (connects ?JUNCT ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))))

(subclass BodyCavity BodyPart)
(documentation BodyCavity "Any &%BodyPart which contains an unfilled space,
e.g. &%BodyVessels, the atria and ventricles of the heart, the lungs, etc.")

(subclass BodyVessel BodyCavity)
(documentation BodyVessel "Any tube-like structure which occurs naturally in
an &%Organism and through which a &%BodySubstance can circulate.")

(subclass Cell BodyPart)
(documentation Cell "The fundamental structural and functional unit of
living &%Organisms.")

(subclass Organ BodyPart)
(documentation Organ "A somewhat independent &%BodyPart that performs a
specialized function.  Note that this functional definition covers bodily
systems, e.g. the digestive system or the central nervous system.")

(=>
   (instance ?ORGAN Organ)
   (exists (?PURP)
      (hasPurpose ?ORGAN ?PURP)))

(subclass Gland Organ)
(documentation Gland "An &%Organ that removes &%Substances from the &%Blood,
alters them in some way, and then releases them.")

(subclass Tissue BodySubstance)
(disjointDecomposition Tissue Bone Muscle FatTissue)
(documentation Tissue "An aggregation of similarly specialized &%Cells
and the associated intercellular substance. &%Tissues are relatively
non-localized in comparison to &%BodyParts, &%Organs or &%Organ components.
The main features of &%Tissues are self-connectivity (see
&%SelfConnectedObject) and being a homogeneous mass (all parts in the
same granularity are instances of &%Tissue as well).")

(=>
    (instance ?STUFF Tissue)
    (exists (?PART)
        (and
            (instance ?PART Cell)
            (part ?PART ?STUFF))))

(=>
    (instance ?STUFF Tissue)
    (exists (?ORGANISM)
        (and
            (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
            (part ?STUFF ?ORGANISM))))

(subclass Bone Tissue)
(subclass Bone AnimalSubstance)
(documentation Bone "Rigid &%Tissue composed largely of calcium that makes up
the skeleton of &%Vertebrates.  Note that this &%Class also includes teeth.")

(=>
   (instance ?BONE Bone)
   (exists (?VERT)
      (and
         (instance ?VERT Vertebrate)
         (part ?BONE ?VERT))))

(subclass Muscle Tissue)
(subclass Muscle AnimalSubstance)
(documentation Muscle "Nonrigid &%Tissue appearing only in &%Animals and
composed largely of contractile cells.")

(subclass FatTissue Tissue)
(documentation FatTissue "Nonrigid &%Tissue that is composed largely of
fat cells.")

(subclass Noun Word)
(partition Word Noun Verb Adjective Adverb ParticleWord)
(documentation Noun "One of the parts of speech.  The &%Class of &%Words
that conventionally denote &%Objects.")

(subclass Verb Word)
(documentation Verb "One of the parts of speech.  The &%Class of &%Words
that conventionally denote &%Processes.")

(subclass Adjective Word)
(documentation Adjective "One of the parts of speech.  The &%Class of
&%Words that conventionally denote &%Attributes of &%Objects.")

(subclass Adverb Word)
(documentation Adverb "One of the parts of speech.  The &%Class of &%Words
that conventionally denote &%Attributes of &%Processes.")

(subclass ParticleWord Word)
(documentation ParticleWord "An umbrella &%Class for any &%Word that does not
fit into the other subclasses of &%Word.  A &%ParticleWord is generally a small
term that serves a grammatical or logical function, e.g. 'and', 'of',
'since', etc.  At some point, this class might be broken up into the
subclasses 'Connective', 'Preposition', etc.  Note that the class &%ParticleWord
includes both personal and possessive pronouns, e.g. 'she', 'hers', 'it', 'its',
etc.")

(subclass Morpheme LinguisticExpression)
(documentation Morpheme "Part of a &%Word which cannot be subdivided
and which expresses a meaning.")

(=>
   (instance ?MORPH Morpheme)
   (not
      (exists (?OTHERMORPH)
         (and
            (instance ?OTHERMORPH Morpheme)
            (part ?OTHERMORPH ?MORPH)
            (not (equal ?OTHERMORPH ?MORPH))))))

(=>
   (instance ?MORPH Morpheme)
   (exists (?WORD)
         (and
            (instance ?WORD Word)
            (part ?MORPH ?WORD))))

(=>
    (instance ?WORD Word)
    (exists (?PART)
        (and
            (part ?PART ?WORD)
            (instance ?PART Morpheme))))

(subclass Phrase LinguisticExpression)
(disjointDecomposition Phrase VerbPhrase NounPhrase PrepositionalPhrase)
(documentation Phrase "A set of &%Words in a &%Language which form a unit,
i.e. express a meaning in the &%Language.")

(=>
    (instance ?PHRASE Phrase)
    (exists (?PART1 ?PART2)
        (and
            (part ?PART1 ?PHRASE)
              (part ?PART2 ?PHRASE)
            (instance ?PART1 Word)
              (instance ?PART2 Word)
            (not (equal ?PART1 ?PART2)))))

(subclass VerbPhrase Phrase)
(documentation VerbPhrase "A &%Phrase that has the same function as a
&%Verb.")

(=>
   (instance ?PHRASE VerbPhrase)
   (exists (?VERB)
      (and
         (instance ?VERB Verb)
         (part ?VERB ?PHRASE))))

(subclass NounPhrase Phrase)
(disjoint NounPhrase VerbPhrase)
(documentation NounPhrase "A &%Phrase that has the same function as a
&%Noun.")

(=>
    (instance ?SENTENCE Sentence)
    (exists (?PHRASE1 ?PHRASE2)
        (and
           (instance ?PHRASE1 NounPhrase)
           (instance ?PHRASE2 VerbPhrase)
           (part ?PHRASE1 ?SENTENCE)
           (part ?PHRASE2 ?SENTENCE))))

(=>
   (instance ?PHRASE NounPhrase)
   (exists (?NOUN)
      (and
         (instance ?NOUN Noun)
         (part ?NOUN ?PHRASE))))

(subclass PrepositionalPhrase Phrase)
(documentation PrepositionalPhrase "A &%Phrase that begins with a
preposition and that functions as an &%Adjective or an &%Adverb.")

(=>
   (instance ?PHRASE PrepositionalPhrase)
   (exists (?PREP)
      (and
         (instance ?PREP ParticleWord)
         (part ?PREP ?PHRASE))))

(subclass Text LinguisticExpression)
(subclass Text Artifact)
(documentation Text "A &%LinguisticExpression or set of
&%LinguisticExpressions that perform a specific function related
to &%Communication, e.g. express a discourse about a particular
topic, and that are inscribed in a &%CorpuscularObject by &%Humans.")

(=>
    (instance ?TEXT Text)
    (exists (?PART)
        (and
            (part ?PART ?TEXT)
            (instance ?PART LinguisticExpression))))

(=>
   (instance ?TEXT Text)
   (exists (?WRITE)
      (and
         (instance ?WRITE Writing)
         (result ?WRITE ?TEXT))))

(subclass FactualText Text)
(disjoint FactualText FictionalText)
(documentation FactualText "The class of &%Texts that purport to
reveal facts about the world.  Such texts are often known as information
or as non-fiction.  Note that something can be an instance of
&%FactualText, even if it is wholly inaccurate.  Whether something
is a &%FactualText is determined by the beliefs of the agent creating
the text.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TEXT FactualText)
      (authors ?AGENT ?TEXT)
      (subsumesContentInstance ?TEXT ?CONTENT)
      (instance ?CONTENT Formula))
   (believes ?AGENT ?CONTENT))

(subclass FictionalText Text)
(documentation FictionalText "The class of &%Texts that purport to
be largely a product of the author's imagination, i.e. the author
does not believe that most of the content conveyed by the text is
an accurate depiction of the real world.  Note that something can
be an instance of &%FictionalText, even if it is completely true.
Whether something is a &%FictionalText is determined by the beliefs
of the agent creating the text.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TEXT FactualText)
      (authors ?AGENT ?TEXT))
   (exists (?CONTENT)
      (and
         (subsumesContentInstance ?TEXT ?CONTENT)
         (instance ?CONTENT Formula)
         (not (believes ?AGENT ?CONTENT)))))

(subclass Sentence LinguisticExpression)
(documentation Sentence "A syntactically well-formed formula of a
&%Language.  It includes, at minimum, a predicate and a subject (which
may be explicit or implicit), and it expresses a &%Proposition.")

(=>
   (instance ?SENT Sentence)
   (exists (?NOUN ?VERB)
      (and
         (instance ?NOUN NounPhrase)
         (instance ?VERB VerbPhrase)
         (part ?NOUN ?SENT)
         (part ?VERB ?SENT))))

(=>
    (instance ?SENT Sentence)
    (exists (?PROP)
        (and
            (instance ?PROP Proposition)
            (containsInformation ?SENT ?PROP))))

(instance authors BinaryPredicate)
(instance authors AsymmetricRelation)
(domain authors 1 Agent)
(domainSubclass authors 2 Text)
(documentation authors "(&%authors ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is
creatively responsible for ?TEXT.  For example, Agatha Christie is
author of Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.")

(=>
     (authors ?AGENT ?TEXT)
     (exists (?PROCESS ?INSTANCE)
          (and
               (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT)
               (instance ?INSTANCE ?TEXT)
               (result ?PROCESS ?TEXT))))

(instance editor BinaryPredicate)
(instance editor AsymmetricRelation)
(domain editor 1 Agent)
(domainSubclass editor 2 Text)
(documentation editor "(&%editor ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is
an editor of ?TEXT.")

(instance publishes BinaryPredicate)
(instance publishes AsymmetricRelation)
(domain publishes 1 Organization)
(domainSubclass publishes 2 Text)
(documentation publishes "(&%publishes ?ORG ?TEXT) means that ?ORG
publishes ?TEXT.  For example, Bantam Books publishes Agatha Christie's
Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.")

(<=>
   (publishes ?ORG ?TEXT)
   (exists (?PUB)
      (and
         (instance ?PUB Publication)
         (agent ?PUB ?ORG)
         (patient ?PUB ?TEXT))))

(instance EditionFn BinaryFunction)
(instance EditionFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domainSubclass EditionFn 1 ContentBearingObject)
(domain EditionFn 2 PositiveInteger)
(rangeSubclass EditionFn ContentBearingObject)
(documentation EditionFn "A &%BinaryFunction that maps a type of text
(e.g. Agatha Christie's Murder_on_the_Orient_Express) and a number
to the edition of the text type corresponding to the number.")

(=>
   (and
      (equal (EditionFn ?TEXT ?INT1) ?EDITION1)
      (equal (EditionFn ?TEXT ?INT2) ?EDITION2)
      (greaterThan ?INT2 ?INT1)
      (instance ?PUB1 Publication)
      (instance ?PUB2 Publication)
      (patient ?PUB1 ?EDITION1)
      (patient ?PUB2 ?EDITION2)
      (date ?PUB1 ?DATE1)
      (date ?PUB2 ?DATE2))
   (before (EndFn ?DATE1) (EndFn ?DATE2)))

(=>
   (equal (EditionFn ?TEXT1 ?NUMBER) ?TEXT2)
   (subsumesContentClass ?TEXT1 ?TEXT2))

(instance SeriesVolumeFn BinaryFunction)
(instance SeriesVolumeFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domainSubclass SeriesVolumeFn 1 Series)
(domain SeriesVolumeFn 2 PositiveInteger)
(rangeSubclass SeriesVolumeFn Text)
(documentation SeriesVolumeFn "A &%BinaryFunction that maps a type of &%Series
(e.g. the Encyclopedia_Britannica or the Popular_Mechanics periodical) and a
number to the volumes of the text type designated by the number.")

(=>
   (and
      (subclass ?TEXT Periodical)
      (equal (SeriesVolumeFn ?TEXT ?INT1) ?VOLUME1)
      (equal (SeriesVolumeFn ?TEXT ?INT2) ?VOLUME2)
      (greaterThan ?INT2 ?INT1)
      (instance ?PUB1 Publication)
      (instance ?PUB2 Publication)
      (patient ?PUB1 ?VOLUME1)
      (patient ?PUB2 ?VOLUME2)
      (date ?PUB1 ?DATE1)
      (date ?PUB2 ?DATE2))
   (before (EndFn ?DATE1) (EndFn ?DATE2)))

(=>
   (equal (SeriesVolumeFn ?SERIES ?NUMBER) ?VOLUME)
   (subsumesContentClass ?SERIES ?VOLUME))

(instance PeriodicalIssueFn BinaryFunction)
(instance PeriodicalIssueFn PartialValuedRelation)
(domainSubclass PeriodicalIssueFn 1 Periodical)
(domain PeriodicalIssueFn 2 PositiveInteger)
(rangeSubclass PeriodicalIssueFn Periodical)
(documentation PeriodicalIssueFn "A &%BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of
&%Periodical and a number to all of the issues of the &%Periodical corresponding
to the number.")

(=>
   (equal (PeriodicalIssueFn ?PERIODICAL ?NUMBER) ?ISSUE)
   (subsumesContentClass ?PERIODICAL ?ISSUE))

(subclass Book Text)
(documentation Book "A &%Text that has pages and is bound.")

(subclass Summary Text)
(documentation Summary "A short &%Text that is a summary of another,
longer &%Text.")

(=>
   (instance ?TEXT Summary)
   (exists (?TEXT2)
      (and
         (instance ?TEXT2 Text)
         (subsumesContentInstance ?TEXT2 ?TEXT))))

(subclass Series Text)
(documentation Series "A &%Text consisting of multiple self-contained units.
Some examples are an encyclopedia containing a couple dozen volumes, a television
series made up of many episodes, a film serial, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?SERIES Series)
   (exists (?BOOK1 ?BOOK2)
      (and
         (instance ?BOOK1 Book)
         (instance ?BOOK2 Book)
         (subsumesContentInstance ?SERIES ?BOOK1)
         (subsumesContentInstance ?SERIES ?BOOK2)
         (not (equal ?BOOK1 ?BOOK2)))))

(subclass Periodical Series)
(documentation Periodical "A &%Series whose elements are published separately
and on a periodic basis.")

(subclass Article Text)
(disjoint Article Book)
(documentation Article "A relatively short &%Text that either is unbound or is
bound with other &%Articles in a &%Book.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ARTICLE1 Article)
      (instance ?BOOK Book)
      (subsumesContentInstance ?BOOK ?ARTICLE1))
   (exists (?ARTICLE2)
      (and
         (instance ?ARTICLE2 Article)
         (not (equal ?ARTICLE2 ?ARTICLE1))
         (subsumesContentInstance ?BOOK ?ARTICLE2))))

(subclass Certificate Text)
(documentation Certificate "A &%Text that confers a right or obligation
on the holder of the &%Certificate.  Note that the right or obligation
need not be a legal one, as in the case of an academic diploma that grants
certain privileges in the professional world.")

(=>
   (instance ?DOC Certificate)
   (exists (?PROP ?NORM)
      (or
         (confersNorm ?DOC ?PROP ?NORM)
         (deprivesNorm ?DOC ?PROP ?NORM))))

(subclass FinancialInstrument Certificate)
(documentation FinancialInstrument "A document having monetary value
or recording a monetary transaction")

(subclass Currency FinancialInstrument)
(partition Currency CurrencyBill CurrencyCoin)
(documentation Currency "Any element of the official currrency of some
&%Nation.  This covers both &%CurrencyBills and &%CurrencyCoins.")

(=>
   (instance ?CURRENCY Currency)
   (exists (?MEASURE)
      (monetaryValue ?CURRENCY ?MEASURE)))

(subclass CurrencyBill Currency)
(documentation CurrencyBill "Any instance of &%Currency that is made
of paper.")

(=>
   (instance ?BILL CurrencyBill)
   (exists (?PAPER)
      (and
         (instance ?PAPER Paper)
         (part ?PAPER ?BILL))))

(subclass CurrencyCoin Currency)
(documentation CurrencyCoin "Any instance of &%Currency that is made
of &%Metal.")

(=>
   (instance ?COIN CurrencyCoin)
   (exists (?METAL)
      (and
         (subclass ?METAL Metal)
         (material ?METAL ?COIN))))

(subclass Patent Certificate)
(documentation Patent "A &%Certificate that expresses the content of an
invention that has been accorded legal protection by a governemental
entity.")

(subclass Molecule CompoundSubstance)
(documentation Molecule "A molecule is the smallest unit of matter of a
&%CompoundSubstance that retains all the physical and chemical properties
of that substance, e.g., Ne, H2, H2O.  A molecule is two or more &%Atoms
linked by a chemical bond.")

(=>
   (instance ?MOLE Molecule)
   (exists (?ATOM1 ?ATOM2)
      (and
         (instance ?ATOM1 Atom)
         (instance ?ATOM2 Atom)
         (part ?ATOM1 ?MOLE)
         (part ?ATOM2 ?MOLE)
         (not
            (equal ?ATOM1 ?ATOM2)))))

(subclass Artifact CorpuscularObject)
(documentation Artifact "A &%CorpuscularObject that is the product of a
&%Making.")

(<=>
   (instance ?ARTIFACT Artifact)
   (exists (?MAKING)
      (and
         (instance ?MAKING Making)
         (result ?MAKING ?ARTIFACT))))

(subclass Product Artifact)
(documentation Product "An &%Artifact that is produced by &%Manufacture.")

(=>
   (instance ?PRODUCT Product)
   (exists (?MANUFACTURE)
      (and
         (instance ?MANUFACTURE Manufacture)
         (result ?MANUFACTURE ?PRODUCT))))

(instance version BinaryPredicate)
(instance version AsymmetricRelation)
(instance version TransitiveRelation)
(domainSubclass version 1 Artifact)
(domainSubclass version 2 Artifact)
(documentation version "Some &%Artifacts have a life cycle with discrete
stages or versions.  (&%version ARTIFACT1 ARTIFACT2) means that ARTIFACT1
is a version of ARTIFACT2.  Note that this &%Predicate relates subclasses of
&%Artifact and not instances.")

(=>
    (version ?ARTIFACT1 ?ARTIFACT2)
    (subclass ?ARTIFACT1 ?ARTIFACT2))

;; The following part of the ontology will eventually encompass all
;; artifacts.  For the time being, it is mostly restricted to the content
;; of the Ontolingua ontology component-assemblies, which covers the types
;; of elements used to construct engineering systems.

(subclass StationaryArtifact Artifact)
(documentation StationaryArtifact "A &%StationaryArtifact is an &%Artifact
that has a fixed spatial location.  Most instances of this &%Class are
architectural works, e.g. the Eiffel Tower, the Great Pyramids, office towers,
single-family houses, etc.")

(=>
    (instance ?ARTIFACT StationaryArtifact)
    (exists (?PLACE)
       (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?ARTIFACT) (located ?ARTIFACT ?PLACE))))

(subclass Building StationaryArtifact)
(documentation Building "The Class of &%StationaryArtifacts which are
intended to house &%Humans and their activities.")

(=>
   (instance ?BUILDING Building)
   (exists (?HUMAN)
      (and
         (instance ?HUMAN Human)
         (or
            (inhabits ?HUMAN ?BUILDING)
            (exists (?ACT)
               (and
                  (agent ?ACT ?HUMAN)
                  (located ?ACT ?BUILDING)))))))

(subclass Room StationaryArtifact)
(disjoint Room Building)
(documentation Room "A &%properPart of a &%Building which is separated from
the exterior of the &%Building and/or other &%Rooms of the &%Building by walls.
Some &%Rooms may have a specific purpose, e.g. sleeping, bathing, cooking,
entertainment, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?ROOM Room)
   (exists (?BUILD)
      (and
         (instance ?BUILD Building)
         (properPart ?ROOM ?BUILD))))

(subclass Residence StationaryArtifact)
(partition Residence PermanentResidence TemporaryResidence)
(documentation Residence "A &%Building or part of a &%Building which provides
some accomodation for sleeping.")

(=>
   (instance ?RESIDENCE Residence)
   (or
      (instance ?RESIDENCE House)
      (exists (?BUILDING)
         (and
            (instance ?BUILDING ResidentialBuilding)
            (part ?RESIDENCE ?BUILDING)))))

(subclass PermanentResidence Residence)
(documentation PermanentResidence "A &%Residence where people live, i.e.
where people have a &%home.")

(=>
   (instance ?RESIDENCE PermanentResidence)
   (exists (?PERSON)
      (home ?PERSON ?RESIDENCE)))

(subclass TemporaryResidence Residence)
(documentation TemporaryResidence "A &%Residence which is strictly temporary,
i.e. where no one makes his/her &%home.")

(=>
   (instance ?RESIDENCE TemporaryResidence)
   (not (exists (?PERSON)
      (home ?PERSON ?HOTEL))))

(subclass ResidentialBuilding Building)
(subclass ResidentialBuilding Residence)
(documentation ResidentialBuilding "A &%Building which provides some
accomodation for sleeping.  Note that this class does not cover just
permanent residences, e.g. &%Houses and condominium and apartment buildings,
but also temporary residences, e.g. hotels and dormitories.
&%ResidentialBuildings are also distinguished from &%CommercialBuildings,
which are intended to serve an organizational rather than a residential
function.")

(subclass Hotel ResidentialBuilding)
(subclass Hotel TemporaryResidence)
(subclass Hotel CommercialAgent)
(documentation Hotel "A &%ResidentialBuilding which provides temporary
accommodations to guests in exchange for money.")

(subclass SingleFamilyResidence PermanentResidence)
(documentation SingleFamilyResidence "A &%PermanentResidence which is
intended to be the &%home of a single &%SocialUnit.  This class covers
&%Houses, &%ApartmentUnits, and &%CondominiumUnits.")

(=>
   (instance ?RESIDENCE SingleFamilyResidence)
   (hasPurpose ?RESIDENCE (forall (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
                         (=>
                            (and
                               (home ?AGENT1 ?RESIDENCE)
                               (home ?AGENT2 ?RESIDENCE))
                            (exists (?UNIT)
                               (and
                                  (instance ?UNIT SocialUnit)
                                  (member ?AGENT1 ?UNIT)
                                  (member ?AGENT2 ?UNIT)))))))

(subclass ArtWork Artifact)
(documentation ArtWork "&%Artifacts that are created primarily for
aesthetic appreciation.  Note that this &%Class does not include
most examples of architecture, which belong under &%StationaryArtifact.")

(subclass RepresentationalArtWork ArtWork)
(subclass RepresentationalArtWork Icon)
(documentation RepresentationalArtWork "Any &%ArtWork that represents
something &%Physical.")

(subclass Fabric Artifact)
(disjoint Fabric StationaryArtifact)
(documentation Fabric "&%Artifacts that are created by weaving together
natural or synthetic fibers or by treating the skins of certain sorts of
&%Animals.  Note that this &%Class includes articles that are created by
stitching together various types of fabrics, e.g. bedspreads.  On the other
hand, &%Clothing is not a &%subclass of &%Fabric, because many clothing items
contain elements that are not fabrics.")

(subclass Clothing Artifact)
(disjoint Clothing StationaryArtifact)
(documentation Clothing "&%Artifact made out of fabrics and possibly other
materials that are used to cover the bodies of &%Humans.")

(=>
   (instance ?CLOTHING Clothing)
   (exists (?FABRIC)
      (and
         (instance ?FABRIC Fabric)
         (part ?FABRIC ?CLOTHING))))

(instance wears BinaryPredicate)
(domain wears 1 Animal)
(domain wears 2 Clothing)
(documentation wears "(&%wears ?AGENT ?CLOTHING) means that ?AGENT is wearing
the item of &%Clothing ?CLOTHING.")

(=>
   (wears ?AGENT ?CLOTHING)
   (located ?CLOTHING ?AGENT))

(subclass Device Artifact)
(documentation Device "A &%Device is an &%Artifact whose purpose is to
serve as an &%instrument in a specific subclass of &%Process.")

(=>
   (instance ?DEVICE Device)
   (exists (?PROC)
      (capability ?PROC instrument ?DEVICE)))

(=>
   (instance ?DEVICE Device)
   (exists (?PROC)
      (hasPurpose ?DEVICE (exists (?INST)
                             (and
                                (instance ?INST ?PROC)
                                (instrument ?INST ?DEVICE))))))

(subclass MusicalInstrument Device)
(documentation MusicalInstrument "A &%Device which is manipulated by a &%Human
and whose purpose is to produce &%Music.")

(=>
   (instance ?INSTRUMENT MusicalInstrument)
   (capability Music instrument ?INSTRUMENT))

(subclass TransportationDevice Device)
(documentation TransportationDevice "A &%TransportationDevice is a &%Device
which serves as the &%instrument in a &%Transportation &%Process which carries
the &%patient of the &%Process from one point to another.")

(=>
   (instance ?DEVICE TransportationDevice)
   (capability Transportation instrument ?DEVICE))

(subclass Vehicle TransportationDevice)
(documentation Vehicle "&%Vehicle is the subclass of
&%TransportationDevices that transport passengers or goods
from one place to another by moving from one place to the other
with them, e.g., cars, trucks, ferries, and airplanes.  Contrast
with devices such as pipelines, escalators, or supermarket
checkout belts, which carry items from one place to another by means
of a moving part, without the device removing from the origin to
the destination.")

(=>
        (and
                (instance ?TRANSPORT Vehicle)
                (instance ?MOVE Translocation)
                (instrument ?MOVE ?TRANSPORT)
                (origin ?MOVE ?FROM))
        (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?MOVE)) (located ?TRANSPORT ?FROM)))

(=>
        (and
                (instance ?TRANSPORT Vehicle)
                (instance ?MOVE Translocation)
                (instrument ?MOVE ?TRANSPORT)
                (destination ?MOVE ?TO))
        (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?MOVE)) (located ?TRANSPORT ?TO)))

(subclass MeasuringDevice Device)
(documentation MeasuringDevice "Any &%Device whose purpose is to measure a
&%PhysicalQuantity.")

(=>
   (instance ?DEVICE MeasuringDevice)
   (hasPurpose ?DEVICE (exists (?MEASURE)
                           (and
                               (instance ?MEASURE Measuring)
                               (instrument ?MEASURE ?DEVICE)))))

(subclass AttachingDevice Device)
(documentation AttachingDevice "A &%Device whose purpose is to attach one thing
to something else, e.g. nails, screws, buttons, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?DEVICE AttachingDevice)
   (exists (?ATTACH)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTACH Attaching)
         (instrument ?ATTACH ?DEVICE))))

(subclass Weapon Device)
(documentation Weapon "The &%Class of &%Devices that are designed
primarily to damage or destroy &%Humans/&%Animals, &%StationaryArtifacts or
the places inhabited by &%Humans/&%Animals.")

(=>
   (instance ?WEAPON Weapon)
   (capability Damaging instrument ?WEAPON))

(=>
   (instance ?WEAPON Weapon)
   (hasPurpose ?WEAPON (exists (?DEST ?PATIENT)
                          (and
                                     (instance ?DEST Damaging)
                             (patient ?DEST ?PATIENT)
                             (or
                                (instance ?PATIENT StationaryArtifact)
                                (instance ?PATIENT Animal)
                                (exists (?ANIMAL)
                                   (and
                                      (instance ?ANIMAL Animal)
                                      (inhabits ?ANIMAL ?PATIENT))))))))

(subclass Machine Device)
(documentation Machine "&%Machines are &%Devices that that have a
well-defined &%resource and &%result and that automatically convert
the &%resource into the &%result.")

(=>
   (instance ?MACHINE Machine)
   (forall (?PROC)
      (=>
         (instrument ?PROC ?MACHINE)
         (exists (?RESOURCE ?RESULT)
            (and
               (resource ?PROC ?RESOURCE)
               (result ?PROC ?RESULT))))))

(subclass EngineeringComponent Device)
(documentation EngineeringComponent "A fundamental concept that applies
in many engineering domains.  An &%EngineeringComponent is an element of
a &%Device that is a physically whole object, such as one might
see listed as standard parts in a catalog.  The main difference betweeen
&%EngineeringComponents and arbitrary globs of matter is that
&%EngineeringComponents are object-like in a modeling sense.  Thus, an
&%EngineeringComponent is not an arbtrary subregion, but a part of a
system with a stable identity.")

(=>
   (instance ?COMP EngineeringComponent)
   (exists (?DEVICE)
      (and
         (instance ?DEVICE Device)
         (component ?COMP ?DEVICE))))

(=>
   (instance ?MACHINE Machine)
   (exists (?COMP1 ?COMP2)
      (and
         (instance ?COMP1 EngineeringComponent)
         (instance ?COMP2 EngineeringComponent)
         (not (equal ?COMP1 ?COMP2))
         (part ?COMP1 ?MACHINE)
         (part ?COMP2 ?MACHINE))))

(subrelation engineeringSubcomponent properPart)
(domain engineeringSubcomponent 1 EngineeringComponent)
(domain engineeringSubcomponent 2 EngineeringComponent)
(documentation engineeringSubcomponent "(&%engineeringSubcomponent ?SUB
?SUPER) means that the &%EngineeringComponent ?SUB is structurally a
&%properPart of ?SUPER.  This relation is an &%AsymmetricRelation, since
two &%EngineeringComponents cannot be subcomponents of each other.")

(instance connectedEngineeringComponents SymmetricRelation)
(instance connectedEngineeringComponents IrreflexiveRelation)
(subrelation connectedEngineeringComponents connected)
(domain connectedEngineeringComponents 1 EngineeringComponent)
(domain connectedEngineeringComponents 2 EngineeringComponent)
(documentation connectedEngineeringComponents "This is the most general
connection relation between &%EngineeringComponents.  If
(&%connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2), then neither ?COMP1 nor
?COMP2 can be an &%engineeringSubcomponent of the other.  The relation
&%connectedEngineeringComponents is a &%SymmetricRelation; there is no
information in the direction of connection between two components.  It is
also an &%IrreflexiveRelation; no &%EngineeringComponent bears this relation
to itself.  Note that this relation does not associate a name or type
with the connection.")

(=>
   (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2)
   (and
      (not
         (engineeringSubcomponent ?COMP1 ?COMP2))
      (not
         (engineeringSubcomponent ?COMP2 ?COMP1))))

(subclass EngineeringConnection EngineeringComponent)
(documentation EngineeringConnection "An &%EngineeringConnection is an
&%EngineeringComponent that represents a connection relationship between
two other &%EngineeringComponents.  It is a reification of the
&%Predicate &%connectedEngineeringComponents.  That means that whenever
this &%Predicate holds between two &%EngineeringComponents, there exists an
&%EngineeringConnection.  The practical reason for reifying a relationship
is to be able to attach other information about it. For example, one
might want to say that a particular connection is associated with some
shared parameters, or that it is of a particular type.
&%EngineeringConnections are &%EngineeringComponents and can therefore be
an &%engineeringSubcomponent of other &%EngineeringComponents.  However,
to provide for modular regularity in component systems,
&%EngineeringConnections cannot be connected.  For each pair of
&%EngineeringComponents related by &%connectedEngineeringComponents, there
exists at least one &%EngineeringConnection.  However, that object may not
be unique, and the same &%EngineeringConnection may be associated with
several pairs of &%EngineeringComponents.")

(=>
   (instance ?CONNECTION EngineeringConnection)
   (exists (?COMP1 ?COMP2)
      (connectsEngineeringComponents ?CONNECTION ?COMP1 ?COMP2)))

(=>
   (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2)
   (not
      (or
         (instance ?COMP1 EngineeringConnection)
         (instance ?COMP2 EngineeringConnection))))

(<=>
   (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2)
   (exists (?CONNECTION)
      (connectsEngineeringComponents ?CONNECTION ?COMP1 ?COMP2)))

(subrelation connectsEngineeringComponents connects)
(domain connectsEngineeringComponents 1 EngineeringConnection)
(domain connectsEngineeringComponents 2 EngineeringComponent)
(domain connectsEngineeringComponents 3 EngineeringComponent)
(documentation connectsEngineeringComponents "&%connectsEngineeringComponents
is a &%TernaryPredicate that maps from an &%EngineeringConnection to the
&%EngineeringComponents it connects.  Since &%EngineeringComponents cannot
be connected to themselves and there cannot be an &%EngineeringConnection
without a &%connectedEngineeringComponents &%Predicate, the second and third
arguments of any &%connectsEngineeringComponents relationship will always be
distinct for any given first argument.")

;; This following part contains definitions and axioms relating to social
;; groups and the relations between them.

(subclass CommercialAgent Agent)
(documentation CommercialAgent "An &%Agent that provides products and/or
services for a fee with the aim of making a profit.")

(subclass Corporation CommercialAgent)
(subclass Corporation Organization)
(documentation Corporation "An &%Organization that has a special legal status
that allows a group of persons to act as a &%CommercialAgent and that insulates
the owners (shareholders) from many liabilities that might result from the
corporation's operation.")

(subclass Manufacturer Corporation)
(documentation Manufacturer "Any &%Corporation which manufactures &%Products.")

(=>
   (instance ?ORG Manufacturer)
   (hasPurpose (exists (?MANUFACTURE)
                  (and
                     (instance ?MANUFACTURE Manufacture)
                     (instance ?MANUFACTURE CommercialService)
                     (agent ?MANUFACTURE ?ORG)))))

(subclass MercantileOrganization Corporation)
(documentation MercantileOrganization "Any &%Corporation which sells
goods or services to customers for a profit.")

(=>
   (instance ?ORG MercantileOrganization)
   (hasPurpose (exists (?SELL)
                  (and
                     (instance ?SELL Selling)
                     (instance ?SELL CommercialService)
                     (agent ?SELL ?ORG)))))

(subclass Group Collection)
(subclass Group Agent)
(documentation Group "A &%Collection of &%Agents, e.g. a flock
of sheep, a herd of goats, or the local Boy Scout troop.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GROUP Group)
      (member ?MEMB ?GROUP))
   (instance ?MEMB Agent))

(subclass GroupOfPeople Group)
(documentation GroupOfPeople "Any &%Group whose &%members are
exclusively &%Humans.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GROUP GroupOfPeople)
      (member ?MEMBER ?GROUP))
   (instance ?MEMBER Human))

(subclass AgeGroup GroupOfPeople)
(documentation AgeGroup "A &%GroupOfPeople whose &%members all have the
same &%age.")

(=>
   (instance ?GROUP AgeGroup)
   (forall (?MEMB1 ?MEMB2 ?AGE1 ?AGE2)
      (=>
         (and
            (member ?MEMB1 ?GROUP)
            (member ?MEMB2 ?GROUP)
            (age ?MEMB1 ?AGE1)
            (age ?MEMB2 ?AGE2))
         (equal ?AGE1 ?AGE2))))

(subclass FamilyGroup GroupOfPeople)
(documentation FamilyGroup "A &%GroupOfPeople whose &%members bear
&%familyRelations to one another.")

(=>
   (instance ?GROUP FamilyGroup)
   (forall (?MEMB1 ?MEMB2)
      (=>
         (and
            (member ?MEMB1 ?GROUP)
            (member ?MEMB2 ?GROUP))
         (familyRelation ?MEMB1 ?MEMB2))))

(subclass SocialUnit GroupOfPeople)
(documentation SocialUnit "A &%GroupOfPeople who all have the same &%home.")

(=>
   (instance ?UNIT SocialUnit)
   (exists (?HOME)
      (=>
         (member ?MEMBER ?UNIT)
         (home ?MEMBER ?HOME))))

(instance ImmediateFamilyFn UnaryFunction)
(domain ImmediateFamilyFn 1 Human)
(range ImmediateFamilyFn FamilyGroup)
(documentation ImmediateFamilyFn "(&%ImmediateFamilyFn ?PERSON) denotes the
immediate family of ?PERSON, i.e. the &%Group consisting of the &%parents of
?PERSON and anyone of whom ?PERSON is a &%parent.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PERSON Human)
      (equal (ImmediateFamilyFn ?PERSON) ?FAMILY))
   (forall (?MEMBER)
      (<=>
         (member ?MEMBER ?FAMILY)
         (or
            (parent ?MEMBER ?PERSON)
            (parent ?PERSON ?MEMBER)))))

(instance familyRelation BinaryPredicate)
(instance familyRelation EquivalenceRelation)
(domain familyRelation 1 Organism)
(domain familyRelation 2 Organism)
(documentation familyRelation "A very general &%Predicate for biological
relationships. (&%familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2) means that
?ORGANISM1 and ?ORGANISM2 are biologically derived from a common ancestor.")

(=>
   (familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2)
   (exists (?ORGANISM3)
      (and
         (ancestor ?ORGANISM3 ?ORGANISM1)
         (ancestor ?ORGANISM3 ?ORGANISM2))))

(subrelation ancestor familyRelation)
(instance ancestor TransitiveRelation)
(instance ancestor IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain ancestor 1 Organism)
(domain ancestor 2 Organism)
(documentation ancestor "The transitive closure of the &%parent predicate.
(&%ancestor ?DESCENDANT ?ANCESTOR) means that ?ANCESTOR is either the
&%parent of ?DESCENDANT or the &%parent of the &%parent of &%DESCENDANT or
etc.")

(=>
   (parent ?PARENT ?CHILD)
   (ancestor ?PARENT ?CHILD))

(instance parent BinaryPredicate)
(subrelation parent familyRelation)
(instance parent AsymmetricRelation)
(instance parent IntransitiveRelation)
(domain parent 1 Organism)
(domain parent 2 Organism)
(documentation parent "The general relationship of parenthood.
(&%parent ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?PARENT is a biological parent
of ?CHILD.")

(=>
   (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT)
   (before (BeginFn (WhenFn ?PARENT)) (BeginFn (WhenFn ?CHILD))))

(=>
   (and
      (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT)
      (subclass ?CLASS Organism)
      (instance ?PARENT ?CLASS))
   (instance ?CHILD ?CLASS))

(=>
   (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT)
   (or
      (mother ?CHILD ?PARENT)
      (father ?CHILD ?PARENT)))

(=>
   (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
   (exists (?PARENT)
      (parent ?ORGANISM ?PARENT)))

(instance mother SingleValuedRelation)
(subrelation mother parent)
(domain mother 1 Organism)
(domain mother 2 Organism)
(documentation mother "The general relationship of motherhood.
(&%mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER) means that ?MOTHER is the biological mother
of ?CHILD.")

(=>
   (mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER)
   (attribute ?MOTHER Female))

(instance father SingleValuedRelation)
(subrelation father parent)
(domain father 1 Organism)
(domain father 2 Organism)
(documentation father "The general relationship of fatherhood.
(&%father ?CHILD ?FATHER) means that ?FATHER is the biological father
of ?CHILD.")

(=>
   (father ?CHILD ?FATHER)
   (attribute ?FATHER Male))

(subrelation daughter parent)
(domain daughter 1 Woman)
(domain daughter 2 Human)
(documentation daughter "The general relationship of daughterhood.
(&%daughter ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological daughter
of ?PARENT.")

(subrelation son parent)
(domain son 1 Man)
(domain son 2 Human)
(documentation son "The general relationship of being a son.
(&%son ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological
son of ?PARENT.")

(instance sibling BinaryPredicate)
(subrelation sibling familyRelation)
(instance sibling SymmetricRelation)
(instance sibling IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain sibling 1 Organism)
(domain sibling 2 Organism)
(documentation sibling "The relationship between two &%Organisms that
have the same &%mother and &%father.  Note that this relationship does
not hold between half-brothers, half-sisters, etc.")

(<=>
   (sibling ?ANIMAL1 ?ANIMAL2)
   (and
      (not (equal ?ANIMAL1 ?ANIMAL2))
      (exists (?FATHER ?MOTHER)
         (and
            (father ?ANIMAL1 ?FATHER)
            (father ?ANIMAL2 ?FATHER)
            (mother ?ANIMAL1 ?MOTHER)
            (mother ?ANIMAL2 ?MOTHER)))))

(subrelation brother sibling)
(instance brother IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance brother TransitiveRelation)
(domain brother 1 Man)
(domain brother 2 Human)
(documentation brother "The general relationship of being a brother.
(&%brother ?MAN ?PERSON) means that ?MAN is the brother of ?PERSON.")

(subrelation sister sibling)
(instance sister IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance sister TransitiveRelation)
(domain sister 1 Woman)
(domain sister 2 Human)
(documentation sister "The general relationship of being a sister.
(&%sister ?WOMAN ?PERSON) means that ?WOMAN is the sister of ?PERSON.")

(instance legalRelation BinaryPredicate)
(instance legalRelation SymmetricRelation)
(domain legalRelation 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain legalRelation 2 CognitiveAgent)
(documentation legalRelation "(&%legalRelation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2) means
that ?AGENT1 and ?AGENT2 are relatives by virtue of a legal relationship.
Some examples include marriage, adoption, etc.")

(=>
   (legalRelation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
   (exists (?DECLARE ?OBLIGATION)
      (and
         (instance ?DECLARE Declaring)
         (confersObligation ?OBLIGATION ?DECLARE ?AGENT1)
         (confersObligation ?OBLIGATION ?DECLARE ?AGENT2))))

(subrelation spouse legalRelation)
(instance spouse IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance spouse SymmetricRelation)
(domain spouse 1 Human)
(domain spouse 2 Human)
(documentation spouse "The relationship of marriage between two &%Humans.")

(subrelation husband spouse)
(instance husband AsymmetricRelation)
(instance husband IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain husband 1 Man)
(domain husband 2 Woman)
(inverse husband wife)
(documentation husband "(&%husband ?MAN ?WOMAN) means that ?MAN is the
husband of ?WOMAN.")

(subrelation wife spouse)
(instance wife AsymmetricRelation)
(instance wife IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain wife 1 Woman)
(domain wife 2 Man)
(documentation wife "(&%wife ?WOMAN ?MAN) means that ?WOMAN is the wife of
?MAN.")

(subclass EthnicGroup GroupOfPeople)
(documentation EthnicGroup "A &%GroupOfPeople whose &%members originate
from the same &%GeographicArea or share the same &%Language and/or cultural
practices.")

(subclass BeliefGroup GroupOfPeople)
(documentation BeliefGroup "A &%GroupOfPeople whose &%members share a belief
or set of beliefs.")

(=>
   (instance ?GROUP BeliefGroup)
   (exists (?BELIEF)
      (forall (?MEMB)
         (=>
            (member ?MEMB ?GROUP)
            (believes ?MEMB ?BELIEF)))))

(subclass Organization Group)
(subclass Organization CognitiveAgent)
(documentation Organization "An &%Organization is a corporate or similar
institution. The &%members of an &%Organization typically have a common
purpose or function. Note that this class also covers divisions, departments,
etc. of organizations.  For example, both the Shell Corporation and the
accounting department at Shell would both be instances of &%Organization.
Note too that the existence of an &%Organization is dependent on the existence
of at least one &%member (since &%Organization is a subclass of &%Collection).
Accordingly, in cases of purely legal organizations, a fictitious &%member
should be assumed.")

(=>
   (instance ?ORG Organization)
   (exists (?PURP)
      (forall (?MEMBER)
         (=>
            (member ?MEMBER ?ORG)
            (hasPurpose ?MEMBER ?PURP)))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ORG Organization)
      (member ?AGENT ?ORG))
   (instance ?AGENT Agent))

(instance employs BinaryPredicate)
(domain employs 1 Organization)
(domain employs 2 CognitiveAgent)
(documentation employs "(&%employs ?ORG ?PERSON) means that ?ORG has
hired ?PERSON and currently retains ?PERSON, on a salaried, hourly
or contractual basis, to provide services in exchange for monetary
compensation.")

(subclass PoliticalOrganization Organization)
(documentation PoliticalOrganization "An &%Organization that is a &%subOrganization
of a &%Government, or an &%Organization that is attempting to bring about some sort
of political change.")

(=>
   (instance ?POL PoliticalOrganization)
   (exists (?PROC)
      (and
         (instance ?PROC PoliticalProcess)
         (agent ?PROC ?POL))))

(subclass MilitaryForce PoliticalOrganization)
(documentation MilitaryForce "&%MilitaryForce is the subclass of
&%Organizations that are organized along military lines and for the
purpose of either defensive or offensive combat, whether or not
the force is an official &%GovernmentOrganization.")

(=>
        (instance ?ORG MilitaryForce)
        (capability ViolentContest agent ?ORG))

(subclass MilitaryOrganization MilitaryForce)
(subclass MilitaryOrganization GovernmentOrganization)
(documentation MilitaryOrganization "Any heavily armed &%Organization
that is part of a &%Government and that is charged with representing the
&%Government in international conflicts.")

(subclass ParamilitaryOrganization MilitaryForce)
(disjoint ParamilitaryOrganization GovernmentOrganization)
(documentation ParamilitaryOrganization "An &%Organization which is much like
a &%MilitaryOrganization, e.g. it is made up of armed fighters, except that it
is not associated with a &%Government.")

(subclass GovernmentOrganization Organization)
(documentation GovernmentOrganization "&%GovernmentOrganization is the
class of official &%Organizations that are concerned with the government
of a &%GeopoliticalArea at some level.  They may be a &%subOrganization
of a government.")

(<=>
   (instance ?ORG GovernmentOrganization)
   (exists (?GOV)
      (and
         (instance ?GOV Government)
         (subOrganization ?ORG ?GOV))))

(=>
   (and
      (subOrganization ?ORG ?GOV)
        (instance ?GOV GovernmentOrganization))
   (instance ?ORG GovernmentOrganization))

(subclass Government GovernmentOrganization)
(documentation Government "The ruling body of a &%GeopoliticalArea.")

(instance GovernmentFn UnaryFunction)
(domain GovernmentFn 1 GeopoliticalArea)
(range GovernmentFn Government)
(documentation GovernmentFn "(&%GovernmentFn ?AREA) denotes the
&%Government of the &%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.  For example,
(&%GovernmentFn &%UnitedStates) denotes the Federal-level government of
the United States; (&%GovernmentFn &%PuertoRico) denotes the government of
the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.")

(subclass PoliceOrganization GovernmentOrganization)
(documentation PoliceOrganization "Any &%GovernmentOrganization
that is charged with domestic enforcement of the laws of the &%Government.")

(subclass JudicialOrganization Organization)
(documentation JudicialOrganization "&%JudicialOrganization is the class
of &%Organizations whose primary purpose is to render judgments according
to the statutes or regulations of a government or other organization.
Judicial bodies are not necessarily government organizations, for example,
those associated with sporting associations.")

(subclass EducationalOrganization Organization)
(documentation EducationalOrganization "A &%EducationalOrganization is
an institution of learning. Some examples are public and private K-12
schools, and colleges and universities.")

(subclass ReligiousOrganization Organization)
(subclass ReligiousOrganization BeliefGroup)
(documentation ReligiousOrganization "An &%Organization whose members
share a set of religious beliefs.")

(subrelation subOrganization subCollection)
(instance subOrganization PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain subOrganization 1 Organization)
(domain subOrganization 2 Organization)
(documentation subOrganization "(&%subOrganization ?ORG1 ?ORG2) means
that ?ORG1 is an &%Organization which is a part of the &%Organization
?ORG2.  Note that &%subOrganization is a &%ReflexiveRelation, so every
&%Organization is a &%subOrganization of itself.")

(instance citizen BinaryPredicate)
(instance citizen AsymmetricRelation)
(domain citizen 1 Human)
(domain citizen 2 Nation)
(documentation citizen "(&%citizen ?PERSON ?NATION) means that the
&%Human ?PERSON is a citizen of &%Nation ?NATION.")

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;   QUALITIES   ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;; INCLUDES 'MEREOTOPOLOGY'
;; INCLUDES 'PROCESSES'
;; INCLUDES 'OBJECTS'

(subclass FieldOfStudy Proposition)
(documentation FieldOfStudy "An academic or applied discipline with
recognized experts and with a core of accepted theory or practice.  Note
that &%FieldOfStudy is a &%subclass of &%Proposition, because a
&%FieldOfStudy is understood to be a body of abstract, informational
content, with varying degrees of certainty attached to each element of
this content.")

(subclass Procedure Proposition)
(documentation Procedure "A sequence-dependent specification.  Some
examples are &%ComputerPrograms, finite-state machines, cooking recipes,
musical scores, conference schedules, driving directions, and the scripts
of plays and movies.")

(subclass ComputerProgram Procedure)
(documentation ComputerProgram "A set of instructions in a computer
programming language that can be executed by a computer.")

(subclass Plan Procedure)
(documentation Plan "A specification of a sequence of &%Processes which
is intended to satisfy a specified purpose at some future time.")

(=>
    (and
       (instance ?PLAN Plan)
       (instance ?OBJ ContentBearingObject)
       (containsInformation ?OBJ ?PLAN))
    (exists (?PLANNING)
       (and
          (instance ?PLANNING Planning)
          (result ?PLANNING ?OBJ))))

(=>
    (instance ?PLAN Plan)
    (exists (?PURP)
        (hasPurpose ?PLAN ?PURP)))

(subclass Argument Proposition)
(partition Argument DeductiveArgument InductiveArgument)
(documentation Argument "Any proposition which has the form of a deductive
or inductive argument, i.e. a set of premises which, it is claimed, imply
a conclusion.")

(=>
   (instance ?REASON Reasoning)
   (exists (?ARGUMENT)
      (and
         (instance ?ARGUMENT Argument)
         (realization ?REASON ?ARGUMENT))))

(=>
   (instance ?ARGUMENT Argument)
   (exists (?PREMISES ?CONCLUSION)
      (and
         (equal (PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT) ?PREMISES)
         (conclusion ?CONCLUSION ?ARGUMENT))))

(subclass DeductiveArgument Argument)
(partition DeductiveArgument ValidDeductiveArgument InvalidDeductiveArgument)
(documentation DeductiveArgument "An &%Argument which has the form of a
deduction, i.e. it is claimed that the set of &%premises &%entails the
&%conclusion.")

(subclass ValidDeductiveArgument DeductiveArgument)
(documentation ValidDeductiveArgument "A &%DeductiveArgument which is
valid, i.e. the set of &%premises in fact &%entails the &%conclusion.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ARGUMENT ValidDeductiveArgument)
      (equal ?PREMISES (PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT))
      (conclusion ?CONCLUSION ?ARGUMENT))
   (exists (?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
      (and
         (containsInformation ?FORMULA1 ?PREMISES)
         (containsInformation ?FORMULA2 ?CONCLUSION)
         (entails ?PREMISES ?CONCLUSION))))

(subclass InvalidDeductiveArgument DeductiveArgument)
(documentation InvalidDeductiveArgument "&%DeductiveArguments that are not
&%ValidDeductiveArguments, i.e. it is not the case that the set of &%premises
in fact &%entails the &%conclusion.")

(subclass Explanation DeductiveArgument)
(documentation Explanation "An &%Argument where the conclusion is an
observed fact and the premises are other facts which collectively imply
the conclusion.  Note that this is the they hypothetico-deductive model
of explanation.")

(subclass InductiveArgument Argument)
(documentation InductiveArgument "An &%Argument which is inductive, i.e. it is
claimed that a set of specific cases makes the &%conclusion, which generalizes
these cases, more likely to be true.")

(instance premise BinaryPredicate)
(instance premise TotalValuedRelation)
(domain premise 1 Argument)
(domain premise 2 Proposition)
(documentation premise "(&%premise ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the
&%Proposition ?PROPOSITION is an explicit assumption of the &%Argument
?ARGUMENT.")

(instance PremisesFn UnaryFunction)
(domain PremisesFn 1 Argument)
(range PremisesFn Proposition)
(documentation PremisesFn "(&%PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT) returns the complete
set of &%premises of the &%Argument ?ARGUMENT.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ARGUMENT Argument)
      (equal ?PREMISES (PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT)))
   (<=>
      (subProposition ?PROPOSITION ?PREMISES)
      (premise ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION)))

(instance conclusion BinaryPredicate)
(instance conclusion SingleValuedRelation)
(instance conclusion TotalValuedRelation)
(domain conclusion 1 Argument)
(domain conclusion 2 Proposition)
(documentation conclusion "(&%conclusion ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that
the &%Proposition ?PROPOSITION is the conclusion explicitly drawn from the
&%Argument ?ARGUMENT.  Note that it may or may not be the case that ?ARGUMENT
&%entails ?PROPOSITION.")

(instance consistent BinaryPredicate)
(instance consistent SymmetricRelation)
(domain consistent 1 Proposition)
(domain consistent 2 Proposition)
(documentation consistent "(&%consistent ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that the two
&%Propositions ?PROP1 and ?PROP2 are consistent with one another, i.e. it
is possible for both of them to be true at the same time.")

(instance orientation SpatialRelation)
(instance orientation TernaryPredicate)
(domain orientation 1 Object)
(domain orientation 2 Object)
(domain orientation 3 PositionalAttribute)
(documentation orientation "A general &%Predicate for indicating how two
&%Objects are oriented with respect to one another.  For example,
(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 North) means that ?OBJ1 is north of ?OBJ2, and
(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Vertical) means that ?OBJ1 is positioned
vertically with respect to ?OBJ2.")

(=>
   (and
      (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?ATTR1)
      (contraryAttribute @ROW)
      (inList ?ATTR1 (ListFn @ROW))
      (inList ?ATTR2 (ListFn @ROW))
      (not (equal ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)))
   (not
      (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?ATTR2)))

(instance direction CaseRole)
(domain direction 1 Process)
(domain direction 2 DirectionalAttribute)
(documentation direction "(&%direction ?PROC ?ATTR) means that the
&%Process ?PROC is moving in the direction ?ATTR.  For example, one
would use this &%Predicate to represent the fact that Max is moving
&%North.")

(=>
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (direction ?PROC ?ATTR1))
   (forall (?ATTR2)
      (=>
         (holdsDuring ?TIME (direction ?PROC ?ATTR2))
         (equal ?ATTR2 ?ATTR1))))

(instance faces BinaryPredicate)
(domain faces 1 Object)
(domain faces 2 DirectionalAttribute)
(documentation faces "(&%faces ?OBJ ?DIRECTION) means that the front of
?OBJ (see &%FrontFn) is positioned towards the compass direction ?DIRECTION.
More precisely, it means that if a line were extended from the center of
?DIRECTION, the line would intersect with the front of ?OBJ before it
intersected with its back (see &%BackFn).")

(=>
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (faces ?PROC ?ATTR1))
   (forall (?ATTR2)
      (=>
         (holdsDuring ?TIME (faces ?PROC ?ATTR2))
         (equal ?ATTR2 ?ATTR1))))

(subclass TruthValue RelationalAttribute)
(documentation TruthValue "The &%Class of truth values, e.g. &%True and
&%False.  These are &%Attributes of &%Sentences and &%Propositions.")

(=>
   (and
      (property ?ITEM ?VALUE)
      (instance ?VALUE TruthValue))
   (or
      (instance ?ITEM Sentence)
      (instance ?ITEM Proposition)))

(instance True TruthValue)
(documentation True "The &%TruthValue of being true.")

(instance False TruthValue)
(contraryAttribute False True)
(documentation False "The &%TruthValue of being false.")

(subrelation true property)
(domain true 1 Sentence)
(domain true 2 TruthValue)
(documentation true "The &%BinaryPredicate that relates a &%Sentence
to its &%TruthValue.")

(subclass PositionalAttribute RelationalAttribute)
(documentation PositionalAttribute "&%Attributes characterizing the
orientation of an &%Object, e.g. &%Vertical versus &%Horizontal, &%Left
versus &%Right etc.")

(subclass DirectionalAttribute PositionalAttribute)
(documentation DirectionalAttribute "The subclass of &%PositionalAttributes
that concern compass directions.")

(=>
   (and
      (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?ATTR1)
      (instance ?ATTR1 DirectionalAttribute)
      (instance ?ATTR2 DirectionalAttribute)
      (not
         (equal ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2)))
   (not
      (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?ATTR2)))

(=>
        (and
                (instance ?DIRECT DirectionalAttribute)
                (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?DIRECT)
                (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3 ?DIRECT))
        (between ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3))

(instance North DirectionalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute North South East West)
(documentation North "The compass direction of &%North.")

(instance South DirectionalAttribute)
(documentation South "The compass direction of &%South.")

(<=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 North)
   (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 South))

(instance East DirectionalAttribute)
(documentation East "The compass direction of &%East.")

(instance West DirectionalAttribute)
(documentation West "The compass direction of &%West.")

(<=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 East)
   (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 West))

(instance Vertical PositionalAttribute)
(documentation Vertical "Attribute used to indicate that an &%Object
is positioned height-wise with respect to another &%Object.")

(<=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Vertical)
   (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 Vertical))

(instance Horizontal PositionalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Horizontal Vertical)
(documentation Horizontal "Attribute used to indicate that an &%Object
is positioned width-wise with respect to another &%Object.")

(<=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Horizontal)
   (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 Horizontal))

(instance Above PositionalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Above Below)
(documentation Above "This is a &%PositionalAttribute derived from the
up/down schema and not involving contact.  Note that this means directly
above, i.e., if one object is &%Above another object, then the projections
of the two objects overlap.")

(=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Above)
   (not
      (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(instance Below PositionalAttribute)
(documentation Below "This &%PositionalAttribute is derived from the
up/down schema and may or may not involve contact.  Note that this means
directly below, i.e., if one object is &%Below another object, then the
projections of the two objects overlap.")

(<=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Below)
   (or
      (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 On)
      (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 Above)))

(instance Adjacent PositionalAttribute)
(documentation Adjacent "Used to assert that an object ?OBJ1 is close
to, near or abutting ?OBJ2.  This &%PositionalAttribute covers the
following common sense notions:  adjoins, abuts, is contiguous to,
is juxtaposed, and is close to.")

(<=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Adjacent)
   (or
      (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Near)
      (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(instance Left PositionalAttribute)
(documentation Left "This &%PositionalAttribute is derived from the
left/right schema.  Note that this means directly to the left, so that,
if one object is to the left of another, then the projections of the
two objects overlap.")

(instance Right PositionalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Right Left)
(documentation Right "This &%PositionalAttribute is derived from the
left/right schema.  Note that this means directly to the right, so that,
if one object is to the right of another, then the projections of the
two objects overlap.")

(<=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Right)
   (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 Left))

(instance Near PositionalAttribute)
(documentation Near "The relation of common sense adjacency.  Note that, if
an object is &%Near another object, then the objects are not &%connected.")

(=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Near)
   (not
      (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

(=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Near)
   (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 Near))

(instance On PositionalAttribute)
(documentation On "This is used to assert that an object is on top of
another object, and it is derived from the up/down schema and involves
contact.")

(=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 On)
   (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))

(=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 On)
   (located ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))

(=>
   (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 On)
   (not
      (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 On)))

(subclass TimeZone RelationalAttribute)
(documentation TimeZone "An &%Attribute which is used to specify coordinates
in which time measures are uniform, i.e. all time devices are synchronized to
the same &%TimePositions.")

(instance CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone TimeZone)
(documentation CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone "A &%TimeZone which functions
as the standard time zone.  It is also known as Zulu time (in the military),
Greenwich Mean Time, and the Western European time zone.  Note that whenever
a &%TimeZone is not specified, the &%TimePosition is understood to be with
respect to the &%CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone.")

(instance PacificTimeZone TimeZone)
(documentation PacificTimeZone "A &%TimeZone that covers much of the
western part of the United States.")

(=>
   (equal (RelativeTimeFn ?TIME1 PacificTimeZone) ?TIME2)
   (equal ?TIME2 (AdditionFn ?TIME1 8)))

(instance MountainTimeZone TimeZone)
(documentation MountainTimeZone "A &%TimeZone that covers much of the
Rocky Mountain region of the United States.")

(=>
   (equal (RelativeTimeFn ?TIME1 MountainTimeZone) ?TIME2)
   (equal ?TIME2 (AdditionFn ?TIME1 7)))

(instance CentralTimeZone TimeZone)
(documentation CentralTimeZone "A &%TimeZone that covers much of the
midwestern United States.")

(=>
   (equal (RelativeTimeFn ?TIME1 CentralTimeZone) ?TIME2)
   (equal ?TIME2 (AdditionFn ?TIME1 6)))

(instance EasternTimeZone TimeZone)
(documentation EasternTimeZone "A &%TimeZone that covers much of the
eastern United States.")

(=>
   (equal (RelativeTimeFn ?TIME1 EasternTimeZone) ?TIME2)
   (equal ?TIME2 (AdditionFn ?TIME1 5)))


(instance RelativeTimeFn BinaryFunction)
(instance RelativeTimeFn TemporalRelation)
(instance RelativeTimeFn TotalValuedRelation)
(domain RelativeTimeFn 1 TimePosition)
(domain RelativeTimeFn 2 TimeZone)
(range RelativeTimeFn TimePosition)
(documentation RelativeTimeFn "A means of converting &%TimePositions
between different &%TimeZones.  (&%RelativeTimeFn ?TIME ?ZONE)
denotes the &%TimePosition in &%CoordinatedUniversalTime that is
contemporaneous with the &%TimePosition ?TIME in &%TimeZone ?ZONE.
For example, (&%RelativeTimeFn (&%MeasureFn 14 &%Hour) &%EasternTimeZone)
would return the value (&%MeasureFn 19 &%Hour).")

(subclass SocialRole RelationalAttribute)
(documentation SocialRole "The &%Class of all &%Attributes that
specify the position or status of a &%CognitiveAgent within an
&%Organization or other &%Group.")

(=>
   (and
      (attribute ?PERSON ?ATTRIBUTE)
      (instance ?ATTRIBUTE SocialRole))
   (instance ?PERSON Human))

(instance Unemployed SocialRole)
(documentation Unemployed "The &%Attribute of a &%CognitiveAgent when
he/she is unemployed.")

(<=>
   (and
      (instance ?PERSON Human)
      (forall (?ORG)
         (not (employs ?ORG ?PERSON))))
   (attribute ?PERSON Unemployed))

(subclass Position SocialRole)
(documentation Position "A formal position of reponsibility within an
&%Organization. Examples of &%Positions include president, laboratory
director, senior researcher, sales representative, etc.")

(instance occupiesPosition TernaryPredicate)
(domain occupiesPosition 1 Human)
(domain occupiesPosition 2 Position)
(domain occupiesPosition 3 Organization)
(documentation occupiesPosition "(&%occupiesPosition ?PERSON ?POSITION ?ORG)
means that ?PERSON holds the &%Position ?POSITION at &%Organization ?ORG.
For example, (&%occupiesPosition &%TomSmith &%ResearchDirector
&%AcmeLaboratory) means that &%TomSmith is a research director at Acme Labs.")

(=>
        (occupiesPosition ?AGENT ?POSITION ?ORG)
        (attribute ?AGENT ?POSITION))

(=>
   (employs ?ORG ?PERSON)
   (exists (?POSITION)
      (occupiesPosition ?PERSON ?POSITION ?ORG)))

(=>
   (occupiesPosition ?PERSON ?POSITION ?ORGANIZATION)
   (member ?PERSON ?ORGANIZATION))

(subclass NormativeAttribute RelationalAttribute)
(documentation NormativeAttribute "A &%Class containing all of the
&%Attributes that are specific to morality, legality, aesthetics,
etiquette, etc.  Many of these attributes express a judgement that
something ought or ought not to be the case.")

(instance modalAttribute BinaryPredicate)
(instance modalAttribute AsymmetricRelation)
(instance modalAttribute IrreflexiveRelation)
(subrelation modalAttribute property)
(domain modalAttribute 1 Formula)
(domain modalAttribute 2 NormativeAttribute)
(documentation modalAttribute "A &%BinaryRelation that is used to state the
normative force of a &%Proposition.  (&%modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?PROP) means
that the &%Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA has the &%NormativeAttribute
?PROP.  For example, (&%modalAttribute (&%exists (?ACT ?OBJ) (&%and
(&%instance ?ACT &%Giving) (&%agent ?ACT John) (&%patient ?ACT ?OBJ)
(&%destination ?ACT Tom))) &%Obligation) means that John is obligated to give
Tom something.")

(=>
   (and
      (modalAttribute ?FORMULA1 ?PROP)
      (entails ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2))
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA2 ?PROP))

(=>
    (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Permission)
    (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Possibility))

(subclass SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute NormativeAttribute)
(disjoint SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute ObjectiveNorm)
(documentation SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute "The &%Class of &%NormativeAttributes
which lack an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. the attribution of
these &%Attributes varies from subject to subject and even with respect to the
same subject over time.  This &%Class is, generally speaking, only used when
mapping external knowledge sources to the SUMO.  If a term from such a knowledge
source seems to lack objective criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to
this &%Class.")

(subclass ObjectiveNorm NormativeAttribute)
(documentation ObjectiveNorm "The &%Class of &%NormativeAttributes that are
associated with an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. there is
broad consensus about the cases where these attributes are applicable.")

(subclass ContestAttribute ObjectiveNorm)
(documentation ContestAttribute "A &%Class containing &%Attributes that are
specific to participants in a &%Contest.  In particular, these &%Attributes
indicate the position of one of the &%agents in the &%Contest with respect
to other &%agent(s) in the &%Contest.   Some examples of these &%Attributes
are winning, losing, won, lost, etc.")

(=>
   (and
      (property ?THING ?ATTR)
      (instance ?ATTR ContestAttribute))
   (exists (?CONTEST)
      (and
         (instance ?CONTEST Contest)
         (or
            (agent ?CONTEST ?THING)
            (patient ?CONTEST ?THING)
            (subProcess ?THING ?CONTEST)))))

(subclass AlethicAttribute ObjectiveNorm)
(documentation AlethicAttribute "A &%Class containing all of the &%Attributes
relating to the notions of possibility and necessity.")

(instance Possibility AlethicAttribute)
(documentation Possibility "Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that are
possible, i.e. true in at least one possible world.")

(instance Necessity AlethicAttribute)
(documentation Necessity "Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that are
necessary, i.e. true in every possible world.")

(<=>
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Necessity)
   (not (modalAttribute (not ?FORMULA) Possibility)))

(=>
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Necessity)
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Possibility))

(instance holdsRight BinaryPredicate)
(instance holdsRight AsymmetricRelation)
(domain holdsRight 1 Formula)
(domain holdsRight 2 CognitiveAgent)
(documentation holdsRight "Expresses a relationship between a &%Formula
and a &%CognitiveAgent whereby the &%CognitiveAgent has the right to
bring it about that the &%Formula is true.")

(instance confersRight TernaryPredicate)
(domain confersRight 1 Formula)
(domain confersRight 2 Entity)
(domain confersRight 3 CognitiveAgent)
(documentation confersRight "Expresses the relationship between a &%Formula,
an &%Entity, and a &%CognitiveAgent when the &%Entity authorizes the
&%CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.")

(=>
   (confersRight ?FORMULA ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
   (holdsRight ?FORMULA ?AGENT2))

(instance holdsObligation BinaryPredicate)
(instance holdsObligation AsymmetricRelation)
(domain holdsObligation 1 Formula)
(domain holdsObligation 2 CognitiveAgent)
(relatedInternalConcept holdsObligation holdsRight)
(documentation holdsObligation "Expresses a relationship between a
&%Formula and a &%CognitiveAgent whereby the &%CognitiveAgent has
the obligation to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.")

(instance confersObligation TernaryPredicate)
(domain confersObligation 1 Formula)
(domain confersObligation 2 Entity)
(domain confersObligation 3 CognitiveAgent)
(relatedInternalConcept confersObligation confersRight)
(documentation confersObligation "Expresses the relationship between a
a &%Formula, an &%Entity, and a &%CognitiveAgent when the &%Entity
obligates the &%CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the &%Formula is
true.")

(=>
   (confersObligation ?FORMULA ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
   (holdsObligation ?FORMULA ?AGENT2))

(subclass DeonticAttribute ObjectiveNorm)
(documentation DeonticAttribute "A &%Class containing all of the &%Attributes
relating to the notions of permission, obligation, and prohibition.")

(instance Permission DeonticAttribute)
(documentation Permission "&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that an
&%Agent is permitted, by some authority, to make true.")

(instance Obligation DeonticAttribute)
(documentation Obligation "&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that an
&%Agent is required, by some authority, to make true.")

(<=>
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Obligation)
   (not (modalAttribute (not ?FORMULA) Permission)))

(=>
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Obligation)
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Permission))

(subAttribute Law Obligation)
(documentation Law "&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that are
required by a government or a branch of the government and that are enforced
with penalties for noncompliance.  These &%Propositions may be codified as
legislation or they may be more informal, as in the case of government policy.")

(subAttribute Promise Obligation)
(documentation Promise "&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions that
an &%Agent promises to make true.  &%Promises may be implicit or explicit.
They may be expressed in a written or verbal or gestural manner.")

(=>
   (property ?ENTITY Promise)
      (or
         (property ?ENTITY Contract)
         (property ?ENTITY NakedPromise)))

(subAttribute Contract Promise)
(documentation Contract "&%Attribute that applies to &%Propositions where
something is promised in return, i.e. a reciprocal promise.")

(subAttribute PurchaseContract Contract)
(documentation PurchaseContract "A &%Contract between two &%Agents in
which one &%Agent agrees to render the other some good or service in
exchange for currency.")

(subAttribute ServiceContract Contract)
(documentation ServiceContract "A &%Contract where an &%Agent agrees to
perform a service for another &%Agent (usually for a price).")

(subAttribute Warranty ServiceContract)
(documentation Warranty "A &%Contract that states the cirumstances
under which defects in the product will be corrected for no charge.
A &%Warranty is usually limited to a length of time that is specified
in the &%Warranty itself.  A &%Warranty also includes information about
what is not covered and actions that invalidate the &%Warranty.")


(subAttribute NakedPromise Promise)
(contraryAttribute NakedPromise Contract)
(documentation NakedPromise "A &%Promise where nothing is promised in return,
i.e. a nudum pactum.")

(instance Prohibition DeonticAttribute)
(documentation Prohibition "&%Prohibition is the &%DeonticAttribute that
applies to &%Formulas that an &%Agent is forbidden, by some authority,
to make true.")

(<=>
        (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Prohibition)
        (not (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Permission)))

(subclass ProbabilityAttribute ObjectiveNorm)
(documentation ProbabilityAttribute "A class containing all of the &%Attributes
relating to objective, qualitative assessments of probability, e.g. &%Likely and
&%Unlikely.")

(instance Likely ProbabilityAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Likely Unlikely)
(documentation Likely "The &%ProbabilityAttribute of being probable, i.e. more
likely than not to be &%True.")

(=>
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Likely)
   (greaterThan (ProbabilityFn (true ?FORMULA True)) (ProbabilityFn (true ?FORMULA False))))

(instance Unlikely ProbabilityAttribute)
(documentation Unlikely "The &%ProbabilityAttribute of being improbable, i.e. more
likely than not to be &%False.")

(=>
   (modalAttribute ?FORMULA Unlikely)
   (greaterThan (ProbabilityFn (true ?FORMULA False)) (ProbabilityFn (true ?FORMULA True))))

(subclass PhysicalState InternalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Solid Liquid Gas Plasma)
(exhaustiveAttribute PhysicalState Solid Fluid Liquid Gas Plasma)
(documentation PhysicalState "The physical state of an &%Object.  There
are three reified instances of this &%Class:  &%Solid, &%Liquid, and &%Gas.
Physical changes are not characterized by the transformation of one
substance into another, but rather by the change of the form (physical
states) of a given substance.  For example, melting an iron nail yields a
substance still called iron.")

(instance Solid PhysicalState)
(documentation Solid "An &%Object has the &%Attribute of &%Solid if it
has a fixed shape and a fixed volume.")

(instance Fluid PhysicalState)
(documentation Fluid "&%Fluid is the &%PhysicalState attribute of an
&%Object that does not have a fixed shape and thus tends to flow or to
conform to the shape of a container.")

(instance Liquid PhysicalState)
(subAttribute Liquid Fluid)
(documentation Liquid "An &%Object has the &%Attribute of &%Liquid if
it has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape.")

(=>
   (instance ?OBJ Solution)
   (attribute ?OBJ Liquid))

(instance Gas PhysicalState)
(subAttribute Gas Fluid)
(documentation Gas "An &%Object has the &%Attribute of &%Gas if it has
neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape.")

(<=>
   (instance ?OBJ Substance)
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR PhysicalState)
         (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR))))

(instance Plasma PhysicalState)
(subAttribute Plasma Fluid)
(documentation Plasma "An extremely energetic &%PhysicalState that consists
of atomic nuclei stripped of electrons.  That is, a plasma is composed of
positive ions and free electrons.  &%Plasma behaves differently enough from
&%Gas that it is referred to as the fourth state of matter.")
(subclass PerceptualAttribute InternalAttribute)
(documentation PerceptualAttribute "Any &%Attribute whose presence is detected
by an act of &%Perception.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PERCEPTION Perception)
      (patient ?PERCEPTION ?OBJ))
   (exists (?PROP)
      (and
         (instance ?PROP PerceptualAttribute)
         (attribute ?OBJ ?PROP))))

(subclass TasteAttribute PerceptualAttribute)
(documentation TasteAttribute "The &%Class of &%Attributes relating to
the taste of &%Objects.")

(=>
   (instance ?OBJ Food)
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR TasteAttribute)
         (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR))))

(subclass OlfactoryAttribute PerceptualAttribute)
(documentation OlfactoryAttribute "The &%Class of properties that are
detectable by smell.")

(subclass VisualAttribute PerceptualAttribute)
(documentation VisualAttribute "The &%Class of visually discernible
properties.")

(instance Illuminated VisualAttribute)
(documentation Illuminated "The &%Attribute of &%Regions that are
illuminated to some degree, i.e. in which some shapes are visually
discernable.")

(instance Unilluminated VisualAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Unilluminated Illuminated)
(documentation Unilluminated "The &%Attribute of &%Regions that are
unilluminated, i.e in which no shapes are visually discernable.")

(subclass ColorAttribute InternalAttribute)
(documentation ColorAttribute "The &%Class of &%Attributes relating to the
color of &%Objects.")

(subclass PrimaryColor ColorAttribute)
(documentation PrimaryColor "Colors which can be blended to form any
color and which cannot be derived from any other colors.")

(instance Red PrimaryColor)
(documentation Red "The &%Attribute of redness.")

(instance Blue PrimaryColor)
(documentation Blue "The &%Attribute of being blue in color.")

(instance Yellow PrimaryColor)
(documentation Yellow "The &%Attribute of being yellow in color.")

(instance White PrimaryColor)
(documentation White "The &%Attribute of being white in color.")

(instance Black PrimaryColor)
(documentation Black "The &%Attribute of being black in color.")

(instance Monochromatic ColorAttribute)
(documentation Monochromatic "An &%Object with this &%Attribute has
the same color on every part of its surface.")

(=>
   (and
      (attribute ?OBJ Monochromatic)
      (superficialPart ?PART ?OBJ)
      (attribute ?PART ?COLOR)
      (instance ?COLOR PrimaryColor))
   (forall (?ELEMENT)
      (=>
         (superficialPart ?ELEMENT ?OBJ)
         (attribute ?ELEMENT ?COLOR))))

(=>
   (instance ?OBJ Object)
   (or
      (attribute ?OBJ Monochromatic)
      (attribute ?OBJ Polychromatic)))

(instance Polychromatic ColorAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Polychromatic Monochromatic)
(documentation Polychromatic "An &%Object with this &%Attribute has
different colors on different parts of its surface.")

(=>
   (attribute ?OBJ Polychromatic)
   (exists (?PART1 ?PART2 ?COLOR1 ?COLOR2)
      (and
         (superficialPart ?PART1 ?OBJ)
         (superficialPart ?PART2 ?OBJ)
         (attribute ?PART1 ?COLOR1)
         (attribute ?PART2 ?COLOR2)
         (instance ?COLOR1 ColorAttribute)
         (instance ?COLOR2 ColorAttribute)
         (not (equal ?COLOR1 ?COLOR2)))))

(subclass ShapeAttribute InternalAttribute)
(documentation ShapeAttribute "Any &%Attribute that relates to the
shape of an &%Object.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ATTRIBUTE ShapeAttribute)
      (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTRIBUTE)
      (surface ?SURFACE ?OBJ))
   (attribute ?SURFACE ?ATTRIBUTE))
(instance Pliable InternalAttribute)
(documentation Pliable "The shape of an &%Object with this &%Attribute
can easily be altered.")

(=>
   (exists (?CHANGE)
      (and
         (instance ?CHANGE ShapeChange)
         (patient ?CHANGE ?OBJ)))
   (attribute ?OBJ Pliable))

(instance Rigid InternalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Rigid Pliable)
(documentation Rigid "The shape of an &%Object with this &%Attribute
cannot be altered without breaking.")

(subclass GeometricFigure ShapeAttribute)
(partition GeometricFigure GeometricPoint OneDimensionalFigure TwoDimensionalFigure ThreeDimensionalFigure)
(documentation GeometricFigure "The class of all geometric figures, i.e. the
class of all abstract, spatial representations.  The instances of this class
are &%GeometricPoints, &%TwoDimensionalFigures or &%ThreeDimensionalFigures.")

(subclass GeometricPoint GeometricFigure)
(documentation GeometricPoint "The class of zero-dimensional
&%GeometricFigures, i.e. the class of &%GeometricFigures that have position
but lack extension in any dimension.")

(subclass OneDimensionalFigure GeometricFigure)
(documentation OneDimensionalFigure "The class of &%GeometricFigures that
have position and an extension along a single dimension, viz. straight lines.")

(subclass TwoDimensionalFigure GeometricFigure)
(partition TwoDimensionalFigure OpenTwoDimensionalFigure ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure)
(documentation TwoDimensionalFigure "The class of &%GeometricFigures that
have position and an extension along two dimensions, viz. plane figures
like circles and polygons.")

(subclass OpenTwoDimensionalFigure TwoDimensionalFigure)
(documentation OpenTwoDimensionalFigure "The class of &%TwoDimensionalFigures that
are not &%ClosedTwoDimensionalFigures.")

(subclass TwoDimensionalAngle OpenTwoDimensionalFigure)
(documentation TwoDimensionalAngle "Any two &%OneDimensionalFigures (i.e.
straight lines) meeting at a single &%GeometricPoint.")

(subclass ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure TwoDimensionalFigure)
(documentation ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure "Any &%TwoDimensionalFigure which
has a well defined interior and exterior.")

(subclass ThreeDimensionalFigure GeometricFigure)
(documentation ThreeDimensionalFigure "The class of &%GeometricFigures that
have position and an extension along three dimensions, viz. geometric solids
like polyhedrons and cylinders.")

(instance geometricPart BinaryPredicate)
(instance geometricPart PartialOrderingRelation)
(domain geometricPart 1 GeometricFigure)
(domain geometricPart 2 GeometricFigure)
(documentation geometricPart "(&%geometricPart ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the
&%GeometricFigure ?PART is part of the &%GeometricFigure ?WHOLE.")

(subrelation pointOfFigure geometricPart)
(domain pointOfFigure 1 GeometricPoint)
(domain pointOfFigure 2 GeometricFigure)
(documentation pointOfFigure "(&%pointOfFigure ?POINT ?FIGURE) means that
the &%GeometricPoint ?POINT is part of the &%GeometricFigure ?FIGURE.")

(subrelation angleOfFigure geometricPart)
(domain angleOfFigure 1 TwoDimensionalAngle)
(domain angleOfFigure 2 GeometricFigure)
(documentation angleOfFigure "(&%angleOfFigure ?ANGLE ?FIGURE) means that
the &%TwoDimensionalAngle ?ANGLE is part of the &%GeometricFigure ?FIGURE.")

(instance pointOfIntersection TernaryPredicate)
(domain pointOfIntersection 1 OneDimensionalFigure)
(domain pointOfIntersection 2 OneDimensionalFigure)
(domain pointOfIntersection 3 GeometricPoint)
(documentation pointOfIntersection "(&%pointOfIntersection ?FIGURE1 ?FIGURE2
?POINT) means that the two straight lines ?FIGURE1 and ?FIGURE2 meet at the
point ?POINT.")

(=>
   (pointOfIntersection ?FIGURE1 ?FIGURE2 ?POINT)
   (and
      (pointOfFigure ?POINT ?FIGURE1)
      (pointOfFigure ?POINT ?FIGURE2)))

(instance parallel BinaryPredicate)
(domain parallel 1 OneDimensionalFigure)
(domain parallel 2 OneDimensionalFigure)
(documentation parallel "(&%parallel ?LINE1 ?LINE2) means that the
&%OneDimensionalFigures ?LINE1 and ?LINE2 are parallel to one another,
i.e. they are equidistant from one another at every point.")

(=>
   (parallel ?LINE1 ?LINE2)
   (not (exists (?POINT)
      (pointOfIntersection ?LINE1 ?LINE2 ?POINT))))

(instance angularMeasure BinaryPredicate)
(instance angularMeasure TotalValuedRelation)
(domain angularMeasure 1 TwoDimensionalAngle)
(domain angularMeasure 2 PlaneAngleMeasure)
(documentation angularMeasure "(&%angularMeasure ?ANGLE ?MEASURE) means that
the two-dimensional geometric angle ?ANGLE has the &%PlaneAngleMeasure of
?MEASURE.")

(instance lineMeasure BinaryPredicate)
(instance lineMeasure TotalValuedRelation)
(domain lineMeasure 1 OneDimensionalFigure)
(domain lineMeasure 2 LengthMeasure)
(documentation lineMeasure "(&%lineMeasure ?LINE ?MEASURE) means that the
straight line ?LINE has the &%LengthMeasure of ?MEASURE.")

(instance geometricDistance TernaryPredicate)
(instance geometricDistance SingleValuedRelation)
(instance geometricDistance TotalValuedRelation)
(domain geometricDistance 1 GeometricPoint)
(domain geometricDistance 2 GeometricPoint)
(domain geometricDistance 3 LengthMeasure)
(documentation geometricDistance "(&%geometricDistance ?POINT1 ?POINT2
?LENGTH) means that ?LENGTH is the distance between the two
&%GeometricPoints ?POINT1 and ?POINT2.")

(=>
   (geometricDistance ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?LENGTH)
   (geometricDistance ?POINT2 ?POINT1 ?LENGTH))

(subclass SaturationAttribute InternalAttribute)
(documentation SaturationAttribute "A &%Class of &%Attributes that specify, in
a qualitative manner, the extent of the presence of one kind of &%Object in
another kind of &%Object.")

(instance Dry SaturationAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Dry Damp)
(documentation Dry "An &%Attribute which indicates that the associated
&%Object contains no &%Liquid.")

(=>
   (attribute ?OBJ Dry)
   (not
      (exists (?SUBOBJ)
         (and
            (part ?SUBOBJ ?OBJ)
            (attribute ?SUBOBJ Liquid)))))

(instance Damp SaturationAttribute)
(documentation Damp "An &%Attribute which indicates that the associated
&%Object contains some &%Liquid.")

(instance Wet SaturationAttribute)
(subAttribute Wet Damp)
(documentation Wet "An &%Attribute which indicates that the
associated &%Object is fully saturated with a &%Liquid, i.e.
every part of the &%Object has a subpart which is a &%Liquid.")

(=>
   (attribute ?OBJ Wet)
   (forall (?PART)
      (=>
         (part ?PART ?OBJ)
         (exists (?SUBPART)
            (and
               (part ?SUBPART ?PART)
               (attribute ?SUBPART Liquid))))))

(subclass BiologicalAttribute InternalAttribute)
(documentation BiologicalAttribute "&%Attributes that apply specifically
to instances of &%Organism.")

(=>
    (and
        (attribute ?ORG ?ATT)
        (instance ?ATT BiologicalAttribute))
    (instance ?ORG Organism))

(subclass BodyPosition BiologicalAttribute)
(documentation BodyPosition "The class of &%Attributes expressing
configurations of bodies or parts of bodies of animals or humans,
e.g. standing, sitting, kneeling, lying down, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?ANIMAL Animal)
   (or
      (exists (?MOTION)
         (and
            (instance ?MOTION BodyMotion)
            (agent ?MOTION ?ANIMAL)))
      (exists (?ATTR)
         (and
            (instance ?ATTR BodyPosition)
            (attribute ?ANIMAL ?ATTR)))))

(instance Standing BodyPosition)
(documentation Standing "The &%BodyPosition of being upright, i.e. being
fully extended and supported by nothing other than one's own feet.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?AMBULATE Ambulating)
      (agent ?AMBULATE ?AGENT))
   (attribute ?AGENT Standing))

(instance Sitting BodyPosition)
(documentation Sitting "The &%BodyPosition of being recumbent, i.e.
knees bent and back side supported.")

(instance Prostrate BodyPosition)
(documentation Prostrate "The &%BodyPosition of lying down, being in a
horizontal position.")

(subclass AnimacyAttribute BiologicalAttribute)
(exhaustiveAttribute AnimacyAttribute Living Dead)
(documentation AnimacyAttribute "&%Attributes that indicate whether an
&%Organism is alive or not.")

(instance Living AnimacyAttribute)
(documentation Living "This &%Attribute applies to &%Organisms that are
alive.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
      (agent ?PROCESS ?ORGANISM))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?PROCESS) (attribute ?ORGANISM Living)))

(instance Dead AnimacyAttribute)
(subAttribute Dead Unconscious)
(contraryAttribute Dead Living)
(documentation Dead "This &%Attribute applies to &%Organisms that are
not alive.")

(=>
   (instance ?ORG Organism)
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR AnimacyAttribute)
         (attribute ?ORG ?ATTR))))

(subclass SexAttribute BiologicalAttribute)
(exhaustiveAttribute SexAttribute Female Male)
(documentation SexAttribute "&%Attributes that indicate the sex of an
&%Organism.")

(instance Female SexAttribute)
(documentation Female "An &%Attribute indicating that an &%Organism is
female in nature.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?BODY ReproductiveBody)
      (part ?BODY ?ORG)
      (instance ?ORG Organism))
(attribute ?ORG Female))


(instance Male SexAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Male Female)
(documentation Male "An &%Attribute indicating that an &%Organism is
male in nature.")

(=>
   (instance ?ANIMAL Animal)
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR SexAttribute)
         (attribute ?ANIMAL ?ATTR))))

(subclass DevelopmentalAttribute BiologicalAttribute)
(exhaustiveAttribute DevelopmentalAttribute FullyFormed NonFullyFormed)
(documentation DevelopmentalAttribute "&%Attributes that indicate the
stage of development of an &%Organism.")

(instance FullyFormed DevelopmentalAttribute)
(documentation FullyFormed "The stage of an &%Organism when it has reached
the end of its growth phase.")

(=>
   (attribute ?OBJ FullyFormed)
   (exists (?GROWTH)
      (and
         (instance ?GROWTH Growth)
         (experiencer ?GROWTH ?OBJ)
         (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?OBJ)) (attribute ?OBJ NonFullyFormed)))))

(instance NonFullyFormed DevelopmentalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute NonFullyFormed FullyFormed)
(successorAttribute NonFullyFormed FullyFormed)
(documentation NonFullyFormed "The stage of an &%Organism before it is
&%FullyFormed.")

(=>
   (instance ?ORG Organism)
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR DevelopmentalAttribute)
         (attribute ?ORG ?ATTR))))

(subAttribute Larval NonFullyFormed)
(documentation Larval "Form of most &%Invertebrates, &%Amphibians, and
&%Fish immediately after they hatch.  This form is fundamentally unlike
the adult form, and metamorphosis is required to reach the latter form.")

(=>
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?ORG Larval))
   (holdsDuring (PastFn ?TIME) (exists (?BIRTH) (and (instance ?BIRTH Birth) (experiencer ?BIRTH ?ORG)))))

(subAttribute Embryonic NonFullyFormed)
(contraryAttribute Embryonic Larval)
(documentation Embryonic "The stage of an &%Organism or an
&%AnatomicalStructure that exists only before the &%Organism is born.
&%Mammals, for example, have this &%Attribute only prior to
their birth.")

(=>
   (attribute ?ORG Embryonic)
   (exists (?BODY)
      (and
         (instance ?BODY ReproductiveBody)
         (located ?ORG ?BODY))))

(=>
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?ORG Embryonic))
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (not (exists (?BIRTH) (and (instance ?BIRTH Birth) (experiencer ?BIRTH ?ORG))))))

(subclass DiseaseOrSyndrome BiologicalAttribute)
(documentation DiseaseOrSyndrome "A &%BiologicalAttribute which qualifies
something that alters or interferes with a normal process, state or activity
of an &%Organism.  It is usually characterized by the abnormal functioning of
one or more of the host's systems, parts, or &%Organs.")

(subclass PsychologicalAttribute BiologicalAttribute)
(partition PsychologicalAttribute StateOfMind TraitAttribute)
(documentation PsychologicalAttribute "&%Attributes that characterize the mental
or behavioral life of an &%Organism.")

(=>
   (instance ?ATTR PsychologicalAttribute)
   (=>
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?ORGANISM ?ATTR))
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (attribute ?ORGANISM Living))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ATTR PsychologicalAttribute)
      (attribute ?AGENT ?ATTR))
   (instance ?AGENT SentientAgent))

(subclass StateOfMind PsychologicalAttribute)
(documentation StateOfMind  "The class &%StateOfMind is distinguished from
its complement &%TraitAttribute by the fact that instances of the former are
transient while instances of the latter are persistent features of a creature's behavioral/psychological make-up.")

(subclass EmotionalState StateOfMind)
(documentation EmotionalState "The &%Class of &%Attributes that denote emotional
states of &%Organisms.")

(subclass ConsciousnessAttribute StateOfMind)
(documentation ConsciousnessAttribute "&%Attributes that indicate whether
an &%Organism is conscious or the qualitative degree of consciousness of
an &%Organism.")

(<=>
   (and
      (instance ?AGENT SentientAgent)
      (attribute ?AGENT Living))
   (exists (?ATTR)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTR ConsciousnessAttribute)
         (attribute ?AGENT ?ATTR))))

(instance Asleep ConsciousnessAttribute)
(documentation Asleep "&%Attribute that applies to &%Organisms that are
sleeping.")

(instance Unconscious ConsciousnessAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Unconscious Awake)
(documentation Unconscious "&%Attribute that applies to &%Organisms that
are unconscious.  An &%Organism may be &%Unconscious because it is &%Dead
or because of a blow to the head, a drug, etc.")

(instance Awake ConsciousnessAttribute)
(documentation Awake "&%Attribute that applies to &%Organisms that are
neither &%Unconscious nor &%Asleep.")

(=>
   (or
      (attribute ?AGENT Asleep)
      (attribute ?AGENT Awake))
   (attribute ?AGENT Living))

(subclass TraitAttribute PsychologicalAttribute)
(documentation TraitAttribute "&%Attributes that indicate the the
behavior/personality traits of an &%Organism.")

(subclass PsychologicalDysfunction PsychologicalAttribute)
(subclass PsychologicalDysfunction DiseaseOrSyndrome)
(documentation PsychologicalDysfunction "A clinically significant
dysfunction whose major manifestation is behavioral or psychological.
These dysfunctions may have identified or presumed biological etiologies
or manifestations.")

;; END FILE

;; BEGIN FILE


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;    Sequestered Axioms    ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;  This section is not a subontology of the SUMO.  It contains axioms from
;;  other sections of the ontology that may cause problems for an inference
;;  engine.  In particular, they can be used to construct arbitrarily complex
;;  terms that often appear in proofs with unhelpful conclusions.  Before this
;;  file is loaded into the inference engine, the axioms in this section should
;;  be commented out.

;;  (<=>
;;     (instance ?ENTITY (UnionFn ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))
;;     (or
;;        (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS1)
;;        (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS2)))

;;  (<=>
;;     (instance ?ENTITY (IntersectionFn ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))
;;     (and
;;        (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS1)
;;        (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS2)))

;;  (<=>
;;     (instance ?ENTITY (ComplementFn ?CLASS))
;;     (not
;;        (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS)))

;;  (=>
;;     (and
;;        (instance ?CLASS1 SetOrClass)
;;        (instance ?CLASS2 SetOrClass))
;;     (equal (RelativeComplementFn ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) (IntersectionFn ?CLASS1 (ComplementFn ?CLASS2))))

;;  (<=>
;;     (instance ?ENTITY (GeneralizedUnionFn ?SUPERCLASS))
;;     (exists (?CLASS)
;;        (and
;;           (instance ?CLASS ?SUPERCLASS)
;;           (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS))))

;;  (<=>
;;     (instance ?ENTITY (GeneralizedIntersectionFn ?SUPERCLASS))
;;     (forall (?CLASS)
;;           (=>
;;              (instance ?CLASS ?SUPERCLASS)
;;              (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS))))

;;  (<=>
;;     (instance ?SUBCLASS (PowerSetFn ?CLASS))
;;     (subclass ?SUBCLASS ?CLASS))


;; (=>
;;      (instance ?REL Function)
;;      (<=>
;;              (equal (AssignmentFn ?REL @ROW) ?INST)
;;              (holds ?REL @ROW ?INST)))