.\" Copyright (C) 2004-2007 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
.\" Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2003 Internet Software Consortium.
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.\" $Id$
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.TH "NAMED" "1m" "June 30, 2000" "SunOS 5.10" "Maintenance Commands"
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.nh
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.SH "NAME"
named \- Internet domain name server
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.HP 6
\fBnamed\fR [\fB\-4\fR] [\fB\-6\fR] [\fB\-c\ \fR\fB\fIconfig\-file\fR\fR] [\fB\-d\ \fR\fB\fIdebug\-level\fR\fR] [\fB\-f\fR] [\fB\-g\fR] [\fB\-n\ \fR\fB\fI#cpus\fR\fR] [\fB\-p\ \fR\fB\fIport\fR\fR] [\fB\-s\fR] [\fB\-t\ \fR\fB\fIdirectory\fR\fR] [\fB\-u\ \fR\fB\fIuser\fR\fR] [\fB\-v\fR] [\fB\-x\ \fR\fB\fIcache\-file\fR\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.PP
\fBnamed\fR
is a Domain Name System (DNS) server, part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
.PP
When invoked without arguments,
\fBnamed\fR
will read the default configuration file
\fI/etc/named.conf\fR, read any initial data, and listen for queries.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.TP
\-4
Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
\fB\-4\fR
and
\fB\-6\fR
are mutually exclusive.
.TP
\-6
Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
\fB\-4\fR
and
\fB\-6\fR
are mutually exclusive.
.TP
\-c \fIconfig\-file\fR
Use
\fIconfig\-file\fR
as the configuration file instead of the default,
\fI/etc/named.conf\fR. To ensure that reloading the configuration file continues to work after the server has changed its working directory due to to a possible
\fBdirectory\fR
option in the configuration file,
\fIconfig\-file\fR
should be an absolute pathname.
.TP
\-d \fIdebug\-level\fR
Set the daemon's debug level to
\fIdebug\-level\fR. Debugging traces from
\fBnamed\fR
become more verbose as the debug level increases.
.TP
\-f
Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
.TP
\-g
Run the server in the foreground and force all logging to
\fIstderr\fR.
.TP
\-n \fI#cpus\fR
Create
\fI#cpus\fR
worker threads to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified,
\fBnamed\fR
will try to determine the number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU. If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a single worker thread will be created.
.TP
\-p \fIport\fR
Listen for queries on port
\fIport\fR. If not specified, the default is port 53.
.TP
\-s
Write memory usage statistics to
\fIstdout\fR
on exit.
.RS
.B "Note:"
This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a future release.
.RE
.TP
\-t \fIdirectory\fR
\fBchroot()\fR
to
\fIdirectory\fR
after processing the command line arguments, but before reading the configuration file.
.RS
.B "Warning:"
This option should be used in conjunction with the
\fB\-u\fR
option, as chrooting a process running as root doesn't enhance security on most systems; the way
\fBchroot()\fR
is defined allows a process with root privileges to escape a chroot jail.
.RE
.TP
\-u \fIuser\fR
\fBsetuid()\fR
to
\fIuser\fR
after completing privileged operations, such as creating sockets that listen on privileged ports.
.RS
.B "Note:"
On Linux,
\fBnamed\fR
uses the kernel's capability mechanism to drop all root privileges except the ability to
\fBbind()\fR
to a privileged port and set process resource limits. Unfortunately, this means that the
\fB\-u\fR
option only works when
\fBnamed\fR
is run on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99\-pre3 or later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges to be retained after
\fBsetuid()\fR.
.RE
.TP
\-v
Report the version number and exit.
.TP
\-x \fIcache\-file\fR
Load data from
\fIcache\-file\fR
into the cache of the default view.
.RS
.B "Warning:"
This option must not be used. It is only of interest to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a future release.
.RE
.SH "EXTENDED DESCRIPTION"
.PP
The BIND named server is managed by the service management facility, under the service identifier:
svc:/network/dns/named
and thus can co\-exist with the Solaris bundled bogus named.
.PP
This section describes additional attributes of named.
.SS "SMF Properties"
.PP
When starting named from the service management facility,
\fBsmf\fR(4), named configuration is read from the service configuration repository. Use
\fBsvcprop\fR(1)
to list the properties and
\fBsvccfg\fR(1m)
to make changes.
.PP
The following application configuration properties are available to administrators:
.TP
options/server
Specifies the server executable to be used instead of the default server.
.TP
options/configuration_file
This property is the equivalent of the
\fB\-c\fR
option.
.TP
options/ip_interfaces
This property is the equivalent of the
\fB\-4\fR
or
\fB\-6\fR
option.
.TP
options/listen_on_port
This property is the equivalent of the
\fB\-p\fR
option.
.TP
options/debug_level
This property is the equivalent of the
\fB\-d\fR
option.
.TP
options/threads
This property is the equivalent of the
\fB\-n\fR
option.
.TP
options/chroot_dir
This property is the equivalent of the
\fB\-t\fR
option.
.sp
When using this option, named is unable to disable itself when receiving
\fBrndc\fR(1m)
stop or halt commands. Instead, you must use the
\fBsvcadm\fR(1m)
disable command.
.PP
In the event of a configuration error originating in one of the above SMF application options, named displays a message providing information about the error and the parameters that need correcting. The process then exits with exit code
SMF_EXIT_ERR_CONFIG.
.PP
At startup, in the event of an error other than a configuration error, named exits with exit code
SMF_EXIT_ERR_FATAL. Both of this code and
SMF_EXIT_ERR_CONFIG
cause the start method,
\fBsmf_method\fR(4), to place the service in the maintenance state, which can be observed with the
\fBsvcs\fR(1)
command
svcs \-x.
.PP
In addition to the properties listed above, the following property can be used to invoke named as a user other than root:
.TP
start/user
This property is the equivalent of the
\fB\-u\fR
option.
.SH "SIGNALS"
.PP
In routine operation, signals should not be used to control the nameserver;
\fBrndc\fR
should be used instead.
.TP
SIGHUP
Force a reload of the server.
.TP
SIGINT, SIGTERM
Shut down the server.
.PP
The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
.SH "CONFIGURATION"
.PP
The
\fBnamed\fR
configuration file is too complex to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided in the
BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.
.SH "FILES"
.TP
\fI/etc/named.conf\fR
The default configuration file.
.TP
\fI/var/run/named.pid\fR
The default process\-id file.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.PP
RFC 1033,
RFC 1034,
RFC 1035,
\fBrndc\fR(1m),
\fBlwresd\fR(1m),
\fBnamed.conf\fR(4),
BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.
.SH "AUTHOR"
.PP
Internet Systems Consortium